Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education

Renew：Part 28
Author：Ontario Ministry of Education
Update：08-15-2023
Tags：Education Reference
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Chapter List

Chapter XXI.
Chapter 2
Chapter it was seen that, in relation to the child, education involves a gaining of control over experiences.
Chapter with the problem.
Chapter XXVI.
Chapter x.x.x.
Chapter XXI.
Chapter XVIII.
Chapter XXVII, which treats of the process of imagination.
Chapter 10
Chapter XXVIII.
Chapter 12
Chapter XVII.
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter x.x.xI.
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter XXIV.
Chapter XIX) as the pleasurable or painful side of any state of consciousness. We may recall how it was there found that any conscious state, or experience, for instance, being conscious of the p.r.i.c.k of a pin, of success at an examination, or of the loss of a friend, is not merely a state of knowledge, or awareness, but is also a state of feeling. It is a state of feeling because it _affects_ us, that is, because being a state of _our_ consciousness, it appeals to us pleasurably or painfully in a way that it can to no one else.
Chapter 22
Chapter III, attention was called to the fact that the interpretation which the mind places upon any presentation depends in large measure upon the mind"s present content and interest. It is an essential characteristic of mind that it always attempts to give meaning to any new impression, no matter how strange that impression may be. This end is reached, however, only as the mind is able to apply to the presentation certain elements of former experience. Even in earliest infancy, impressions do not come to the organism as total strangers; for the organism is already endowed with instinctive tendencies to react in a definite manner to certain stimuli. As these reactions continue to repeat themselves, however, permanent modifications, as previously noted, are established in the nervous system, including both sensory and motor adjustments. Since, moreover, these sensory and motor adjustments give rise to ideas, they result in corresponding a.s.sociations of mental imagery. As these neural and mental elements are thus organized into more and more complex ma.s.ses, the recurrence of any element within an a.s.sociated ma.s.s is able to reinstate the other elements. The result is that when a certain sensation is received, as, for instance, a sound stimulus, it reinstates sensory impressions and motor reactions together with their a.s.sociated mental images, thus enabling the mind to a.s.sert that a dog is barking in the distance. In such a case, the present impression is evidently joined with, and interpreted through, what has already formed a part of our experience. What is true of this particular case is true of all cases. New presentations are always met and interpreted by some complex experiences with which they have something in common, otherwise the stimuli could not be attended to at all. This ability of the mind to interpret new presentations in terms of old knowledge on account of some connection they bear to that content, is known as _apperception_. In other words, apperception is the law of the mind to attend to such elements in a new presentation as possess some degree of _familiarity_ with the already a.s.similated experience, although there may be no distinct recognition of this familiarity.
Chapter XV concerning the development of a cla.s.s notion.
Chapter XV, that deductive reasoning takes place normally only when the mind is faced with a difficulty which demands solution. Take the case of the boy and his lost coin referred to in Chapter II. As he faces the problem, different methods of solution may present themselves. It may enter his mind, for instance, to tear up the grate, but this is rejected on account of possible damage to the brickwork. Finally he thinks of the tar and resorts to this method of recovery. In both of the above cases the boy based his conclusions upon known principles. As he considered the question of tearing up the grate, the thought came to his mind, "Lifting-a-grate is a-thing-which-may-cause-damage." As he considered the use of the tar, he had in mind the judgment, "Adhesion is a property of tar," and at once inferred that tar would solve his problem. In such practical cases, however, the mind seems to go directly from the problem in hand to a conclusion by means of a general principle. When a woman wishes to remove a stain, she at once says, "Gasoline will remove it."
Chapter XXIV), that in addition to the general feeling tone accompanying an act of attention, and already described as a feeling of interest, there are two important cla.s.ses of feeling known respectively as sensuous and ideal feeling.
Chapter 27
Chapter 28