Arts, arms, and wealth destroy the fruits they bring; Commerce, like beauty, knows no second spring.
Her ingenuous youth from Ontario"s sh.o.r.e who visits the ruins of London is one of the many claimants to the honour of having suggested Lord Macaulay"s celebrated New Zealander:--
Pensive and thoughtful shall the wanderers greet Each splendid square and still untrodden street, Or of some crumbling turret, mined by time, The broken stairs with perilous step shall climb, Thence stretch their view the wide horizon round, By scattered hamlets trace its ancient bound, And, choked no more with fleets, fair Thames survey Through reeds and sedge pursue his idle way.
It is impossible not to admire the poem, though it is stilted and not to the present taste. The description of Britain as it now is and as it once was is very ingenious:--
Where once Bonduca whirled the scythed car, And the fierce matrons raised the shriek of war, Light forms beneath transparent muslin float, And tutor"d voices swell the artful note; Light-leaved acacias, and the shady plane, And spreading cedars grace the woodland reign.
The poem is forgotten now, though it was scouted at the time and violently attacked, Southey himself falling upon the poor old lady, and devouring her, spectacles and all. She felt these attacks very much, and could not be consoled, though Miss Edgeworth wrote a warm-hearted letter of indignant sympathy. But Mrs. Barbauld had something in her too genuine to be crushed, even by sarcastic criticism. She published no more, but it was after her poem of "1811" that she wrote the beautiful ode by which she is best known and best remembered,--the ode that Wordsworth used to repeat and say he envied, that Tennyson has called "sweet verses," of which the lines ring their tender hopeful chime like sweet church bells on a summer evening.
Madame d"Arblay, in her old age, told Crabb Robinson that every night she said the verses over to herself as she went to her rest. To the writer they are almost sacred. The hand that patiently pointed out to her, one by one, the syllables of Mrs. Barbauld"s hymns for children, that tended our childhood, as it had tended our father"s, marked these verses one night, when it blessed us for the last time.
Life, we"ve been long together, Through pleasant and through cloudy weather; "Tis hard to part when friends are dear; Perhaps "twill cost a sigh or tear, Then steal away, give little warning, Choose thine own time.
Say not good-night, but in some brighter clime, Bid me "Good morning."
Mrs. Barbauld was over seventy when she wrote this ode. A poem, called "Octogenary Reflections," is also very touching:--
Say ye, who through this round of eighty years Have proved its joys and sorrows, hopes and fears; Say what is life, ye veterans who have trod, Step following steps, its flowery th.o.r.n.y road?
Enough of good to kindle strong desire; Enough of ill to damp the rising fire; Enough of love and fancy, joy and hope, To fan desire and give the pa.s.sions scope; Enough of disappointment, sorrow, pain, To seal the wise man"s sentence--"All is vain."
There is another fragment of hers in which she likens herself to a schoolboy left of all the train, who hears no sound of wheels to bear him to his father"s bosom home. "Thus I look to the hour when I shall follow those that are at rest before me." And then at last the time came for which she longed. Her brother died, her faithful Mrs. Kenrick died, and Mrs. Taylor, whom she loved most of all. She had consented to give up her solitary home to spend the remaining years of her life in the home of her adopted son Charles, now married, and a father; but it was while she was on a little visit to her sister-in-law, Mrs. Aikin, that the summons came, very swiftly and peacefully, as she sat in her chair one day. Her nephew transcribed these, the last lines she ever wrote:--
"Who are you?"
"Do you not know me? have you not expected me?"
"Whither do you carry me?"
"Come with me and you shall know."
"The way is dark."
"It is well trodden."
"Yes, in the forward track."
"Come along."
"Oh! shall I there see my beloved ones? Will they welcome me, and will they know me? Oh, tell me, tell me; thou canst tell me."
"Yes, but thou must come first."
"Stop a little; keep thy hand off till thou hast told me."
"I never wait."
"Oh! shall I see the warm sun again in my cold grave?"
"Nothing is there that can feel the sun."
"Oh, where then?"
"Come, I say."
One may acknowledge the great progress which people have made since Mrs.
Barbauld"s day in the practice of writing prose and poetry, in the art of expressing upon paper the thoughts which are in most people"s minds.
It is (to use a friend"s simile) like playing upon the piano--everybody now learns to play upon the piano, and it is certain that the modest performances of the ladies of Mrs. Barbauld"s time would scarcely meet with the attention now, which they then received. But all the same, the stock of true feeling, of real poetry, is not increased by the increased volubility of our pens; and so when something comes to us that is real, that is complete in pathos or in wisdom, we still acknowledge the gift, and are grateful for it.
_MISS EDGEWORTH._
1767-1849.
"Exceeding wise, fairspoken, and persuading."--_Hen. VIII._
EARLY DAYS.
I.
Few auth.o.r.esses in these days can have enjoyed the ovations and attentions which seem to have been considered the due of many of the ladies distinguished at the end of the last century and the beginning of this one. To read the accounts of the receptions and compliments which fell to their lot may well fill later and lesser luminaries with envy.
Crowds opened to admit them, banquets spread themselves out before them, lights were lighted up and flowers were scattered at their feet. Dukes, editors, prime ministers, waited their convenience on their staircases; whole theatres rose up _en ma.s.se_ to greet the gifted creatures of this and that immortal tragedy. The auth.o.r.esses themselves, to do them justice, seem to have been very little dazzled by all this excitement. Hannah More contentedly retires with her maiden sisters to the Parna.s.sus on the Mendip Hills, where they sew and chat and make tea, and teach the village children. Dear Joanna Baillie, modest and beloved, lives on to peaceful age in her pretty old house at Hampstead, looking through tree-tops and sunshine and clouds towards distant London. "Out there where all the storms are," I heard the children saying yesterday as they watched the overhanging gloom of smoke which, veils the city of metropolitan thunders and lightning. Maria Edgeworth"s apparitions as a literary lioness in the rush of London and of Paris society were but interludes in her existence, and her real life was one of constant exertion and industry spent far away in an Irish home among her own kindred and occupations and interests. We may realise what these were when we read that Mr. Edgeworth had no less than four wives, who all left children, and that Maria was the eldest daughter of the whole family. Besides this, we must also remember that the father whom she idolised was himself a man of extraordinary powers, brilliant in conversation (so I have been told), full of animation, of interest, of plans for his country, his family, for education and literature, for mechanics and scientific discoveries; that he was a gentleman widely connected, hospitably inclined, with a large estate and many tenants to overlook, with correspondence and acquaintances all over the world; and besides all this, with various schemes in his brain, to be eventually realised by others of which velocipedes, tramways, and telegraphs were but a few of the items.
One could imagine that under these circ.u.mstances the hurry and excitement of London life must have sometimes seemed tranquillity itself compared with the many and absorbing interests of such a family. What these interests were may be gathered from the pages of a very interesting memoir from which the writer of this essay has been allowed to quote. It is a book privately printed and written for the use of her children by the widow of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, and is a record, among other things, of a faithful and most touching friendship between Maria and her father"s wife--"a friendship lasting for over fifty years, and unbroken by a single cloud of difference or mistrust." Mrs. Edgeworth, who was Miss Beaufort before her marriage, and about the same age as Miss Edgeworth, unconsciously reveals her own most charming and unselfish nature as she tells her stepdaughter"s story.
When the writer looks back upon her own childhood, it seems to her that she lived in company with a delightful host of little playmates, bright, busy, clever children, whose cheerful presence remains more vividly in her mind than that of many of the real little boys and girls who used to appear and disappear disconnectedly as children do in childhood, when friendship and companionship depend almost entirely upon the convenience of grown-up people. Now and again came little cousins or friends to share our games, but day by day, constant and unchanging, ever to be relied upon, smiled our most lovable and friendly companions--simple Susan, lame Jervas, Talbot, the dear Little Merchants, Jem the widow"s son with his arms round old Lightfoot"s neck, the generous Ben, with his whipcord and his useful proverb of "waste not, want not"--all of these were there in the window corner waiting our pleasure. After Parents"
a.s.sistant, to which familiar words we attached no meaning whatever, came Popular Tales in big brown volumes off a shelf in the lumber-room of an apartment in an old house in Paris, and as we opened the books, lo!
creation widened to our view. England, Ireland, America, Turkey, the mines of Golconda, the streets of Bagdad, thieves, travellers, governesses, natural philosophy, and fashionable life, were all laid under contribution, and brought interest and adventure to our humdrum nursery corner. All Mr. Edgeworth"s varied teaching and experience, all his daughter"s genius of observation, came to interest and delight our play-time, and that of a thousand other little children in different parts of the world. People justly praise Miss Edgeworth"s admirable stories and novels, but from prejudice and early a.s.sociation these beloved childish histories seem unequalled still, and it is chiefly as a writer for children that we venture to consider her here. Some of the stories are indeed little idylls in their way. Walter Scott, who best knew how to write for the young so as to charm grandfathers as well as Hugh Littlejohn, Esq., and all the grandchildren, is said to have wiped his kind eyes as he put down "Simple Susan." A child"s book, says a reviewer of those days defining in the "Quarterly Review," should be "not merely less dry, less difficult, than a book for grown-up people; but more rich in interest, more true to nature, more exquisite in art, more abundant in every quality that replies to childhood"s keener and fresher perception." Children like facts, they like short vivid sentences that tell the story: as they listen intently, so they read; every word has its value for them. It has been a real surprise to the writer to find, on re-reading some of these descriptions of scenery and adventure which she had not looked at since her childhood, that the details which she had imagined spread over much s.p.a.ce are contained in a few sentences at the beginning of a page. These sentences, however, show the true art of the writer.
It would be difficult to imagine anything better suited to the mind of a very young person than these pleasant stories, so complete in themselves, so interesting, so varied. The description of Jervas"s escape from the mine where the miners had plotted his destruction, almost rises to poetry in its simple diction. Lame Jervas has warned his master of the miners" plot, and showed him the vein of ore which they have concealed. The miners have sworn vengeance against him, and his life is in danger. His master helps him to get away, and comes into the room before daybreak, bidding him rise and put on the clothes which he has brought. "I followed him out of the house before anybody else was awake, and he took me across the fields towards the high road. At this place we waited till we heard the tinkling of the bells of a team of horses. "Here comes the waggon," said he, "in which you are to go. So fare you well, Jervas. I shall hear how you go on; and I only hope you will serve your next master, whoever he may be, as faithfully as you have served me." "I shall never find so good a master," was all I could say for the soul of me; I was quite overcome by his goodness and sorrow at parting with him, as I then thought, for ever." The description of the journey is very pretty. "The morning clouds began to clear away; I could see my master at some distance, and I kept looking after him as the waggon went on slowly, and he walked fast away over the fields."
Then the sun begins to rise. The waggoner goes on whistling, but lame Jervas, to whom the rising sun was a spectacle wholly surprising, starts up, exclaiming in wonder and admiration. The waggoner bursts into a loud laugh. "Lud a marcy," says he, "to hear un" and look at un" a body would think the oaf had never seen the sun rise afore;" upon which Jervas remembers that he is still in Cornwall, and must not betray himself, and prudently hides behind some parcels, only just in time, for they meet a party of miners, and he hears his enemies" voice hailing the waggoner. All the rest of the day he sits within, and amuses himself by listening to the bells of the team, which jingle continually. "On our second day"s journey, however, I ventured out of my hiding-place. I walked with the waggoner up and down the hills, enjoying the fresh air, the singing of the birds, and the delightful smell of the honeysuckles and the dog-roses in the hedges. All the wild flowers and even the weeds on the banks by the wayside were to me matters of wonder and admiration.
At almost every step I paused to observe something that was new to me, and I could not help feeling surprised at the insensibility of my fellow-traveller, who plodded along, and seldom interrupted his whistling except to cry "Gee, Blackbird, aw woa," or "How now, Smiler?"
Then Jervas is lost in admiration before a plant "whose stem was about two feet high, and which had a round shining purple beautiful flower,"
and the waggoner with a look of scorn exclaims, "Help thee, lad, dost not thou know "tis a common thistle?" After this he looks upon Jervas as very nearly an idiot. "In truth I believe I was a droll figure, for my hat was stuck full of weeds and of all sorts of wild flowers, and both my coat and waistcoat pockets were stuffed out with pebbles and funguses." Then comes Plymouth Harbour: Jervas ventures to ask some questions about the vessels, to which the waggoner answers "They be nothing in life but the boats and ships, man;" so he turned away and went on chewing a straw, and seemed not a whit more moved to admiration than he had been at the sight of the thistle. "I conceived a high admiration of a man who had seen so much that he could admire nothing,"
says Jervas, with a touch of real humour.
Another most charming little idyll is that of Simple Susan, who was a real maiden living in the neighbourhood of Edgeworthstown. The story seems to have been mislaid for a time in the stirring events of the first Irish rebellion, and overlooked, like some little daisy by a battlefield. Few among us will not have shared Mr. Edgeworth"s partiality for the charming little tale. The children fling their garlands and tie up their violets. Susan bakes her cottage loaves and gathers marigolds for broth, and tends her mother to the distant tune of Philip"s pipe coming across the fields. As we read the story again it seems as if we could almost scent the fragrance of the primroses and the double violets, and hear the music sounding above the children"s voices, and the bleatings of the lamb, so simply and delightfully is the whole story constructed. Among all Miss Edgeworth"s characters few are more familiar to the world than that of Susan"s pretty pet lamb.
II.
No sketch of Maria Edgeworth"s life, however slight, would be complete without a few words about certain persons coming a generation before her (and belonging still to the age of periwigs), who were her father"s a.s.sociates and her own earliest friends. Notwithstanding all that has been said of Mr. Edgeworth"s bewildering versatility of nature, he seems to have been singularly faithful in his friendships. He might take up new ties, but he clung pertinaciously to those which had once existed.
His daughter inherited that same steadiness of affection. In his life of Erasmus Darwin, his grandfather, Mr. Charles Darwin, writing of these very people, has said, "There is, perhaps, no safer test of a man"s real character than that of his long-continued friendship with good and able men." He then goes on to quote an instance of a long-continued affection and intimacy only broken by death between a certain set of distinguished friends, giving the names of Keir, Day, Small, Boulton, Watt, Wedgwood, and Darwin, and adding to them the names of Edgeworth himself and of the Galtons.
Mr. Edgeworth first came to Lichfield to make Dr. Darwin"s acquaintance.
His second visit was to his friend Mr. Day, the author of "Sandford and Merton," who had taken a house in the valley of Stow, and who invited him one Christmas on a visit. "About the year 1765," says Miss Seward, "came to Lichfield, from the neighbourhood of Reading, the young and gay philosopher, Mr. Edgeworth; a man of fortune, and recently married to a Miss Elers, of Oxfordshire. The fame of Dr. Darwin"s various talents allured Mr. E. to the city they graced." And the lady goes on to describe Mr. Edgeworth himself:--"Scarcely two-and-twenty, with an exterior yet more juvenile, having mathematic science, mechanic ingenuity, and a competent portion of cla.s.sical learning, with the possession of the modern languages.... He danced, he fenced, he winged his arrows with more than philosophic skill," continues the lady, herself a person of no little celebrity in her time and place. Mr. Edgeworth, in his Memoirs, pays a respectful tribute to Miss Seward"s charms, to her agreeable conversation, her beauty, her flowing tresses, her sprightliness and address. Such moderate expressions fail, however, to do justice to this lady"s powers, to her enthusiasm, her poetry, her partisanship. The portrait prefixed to her letters is that of a dignified person with an oval face and dark eyes, the thick brown tresses are twined with pearls, her graceful figure is robed in the softest furs and draperies of the period. In her very first letter she thus poetically describes her surroundings:--"The autumnal glory of this day puts to shame the summer"s sullenness. I sit writing upon this dear green terrace, feeding at intervals my little golden-breasted songsters. The embosomed vale of Stow glows sunny through the Claude-Lorraine tint which is spread over the scene like the blue mist over a plum."