"Baron Suyematsu does not approve of the efforts of the Christian missionaries to discourage the national custom of committing suicide rather than be captured in battle, for he thinks the effect would be to lower the soldiers" high ideal of patriotism and courage.
""There is all the difference," he said, "between wanton suicide and voluntarily sacrificing one"s life for the honour of the nation. Our ideal is to die for one"s country rather than bring upon her the disgrace of being taken by the enemy. What can be n.o.bler than that? It is the same as being killed by the enemy. And the missionaries are trying to teach our soldiers that it is wrong.
It is a great pity.""
--"But that only covers one phase, the method of your education," said one.
--"True, but it covers a good deal!" I said. "Do you think I can write a big book on j.a.pan at a moment"s notice?"
--"Well, I will leave you alone then," said he.
--"Every one of the Russian soldiers who returned wounded from the battlefield, when asked the cause of their defeat, said that the Russians were defeated because the j.a.panese soldiers were great scholars compared to themselves. I have it on good authority," interposed another.
--"Perhaps it looked like that to them," I answered.
VII
Some talk on superst.i.tion--A remark on earrings--j.a.panese troops after the war; no fear of Chauvinism--Generals and officers--How the system of the hereditary military service was abolished and the new system was introduced--Its history--j.a.pan after the war--Views given to the American press--Mr. Seppings-Wright and his views on the j.a.panese character--The j.a.panese navy and its history--Origin of the shipbuilding yards--The difficulty of a thorough reform in China and Russia--How j.a.pan managed to bring about the consummation of the great reform--The feudal system was a great help--Explanation of the j.a.panese feudal system and the clans--The re-shuffling of the feudatories under the Tokugawa regime--Difference of grandeur of the feudatories--Exceptional formation of the Satsuma clan--Financial system of the Shogunate --Finance of the Imperial Government at the beginning of the Great Change--How the affairs of the governments of the feudatories were wound up--The old system of taxation--Thorough reform--The old notion of land tenure
I found myself once more in a very incongruous group of people whom I had met on various occasions. I noticed a number of them engaged in a lively conversation.
--"Ah! Monsieur A.," said a lady, "you are acquainted with many j.a.panese, and have been in contact with them for many years, so that you will be able to explain to me. Some say the j.a.panese are superst.i.tious, others again say they are not. Which do you think true?"
--"I have known," said Monsieur A., "some hundreds of the j.a.panese, mostly young men, of course. They are extremely free from any sort of bias or superst.i.tion. I have never known people so unbia.s.sed and so little superst.i.tious."
--"But," said the lady, "I have heard from a gentleman who was resident in j.a.pan for some years that there existed in that country some sort of superst.i.tion. He told me, for example, that "some people disliked the number "four," because _shi_, which is four in j.a.panese, means also death, as far as the p.r.o.nunciation is concerned. Consequently when, for instance, one gives a tip, he would give either threepence or fivepence, and not fourpence, even in the case where fourpence may be more appropriate; in other words, either less or more, to avoid the number four. And the same is generally the case when one makes a present of a number of articles which are identical, unless they are two pairs; is not that funny? In the whole world there can be nothing more natural than numbers. No one can make the four cardinal points of the compa.s.s less or more because he dislikes the number "four." The same reasoning holds good with everything."
--"I do not think," answered Monsieur A., "the superst.i.tion of four is very widely believed in. But what do you say to our dislike for the number thirteen."
--"But," said she, "that is a different matter. That originated with religion."
--"Is it so?" said Monsieur A. "I wouldn"t dispute it. But let me tell you an incident I met with some time ago. I was present at a meeting of a literary a.s.sociation. There was a good deal of conversation on the subject of the superst.i.tion of less civilised peoples. At the refreshment-table I had to sit next an elderly lady. I placed, accidentally or not I don"t remember, my knife and fork crosswise. The lady immediately noticed this, and told me quickly to alter them. I remarked that the dislike of that position of knife and fork was perhaps also a sort of superst.i.tion, whereupon the lady told me that it was not a superst.i.tion, but a tradition, and therefore it differed very much from the superst.i.tions practised by less civilised peoples."
--"She was right, of course," said the lady.
--"Well, I can scarcely see any difference," observed Monsieur A.
--"I can tell you another incident," remarked a different gentleman.
"When an occidental missionary was once telling some women of savage tribes that their wearing rings in their noses was barbarous and unhealthy, he was asked by them how it was that his wife and daughters were wearing rings in their ears, and he had great difficulty in explaining to them that the method adopted by the civilised races for wearing rings in their ears was very different from their wearing rings in the nose."
--"Oh!" exclaimed some ladies.
--"But stay," said another, "let us have some more serious talk. I wish to ask Baron Suyematsu his opinion on a few important points of which I am anxious to be informed."
Turning to me, he said:
--"I do not entertain any wild notion of the "Yellow Peril" cry. One thing is certain, however, that your country has been winning all this time brilliant victories unprecedented in history, and there is no doubt that your success will continue to the end of the war. Don"t you think after the fighting is over your army will become chauvinistic, or, in plain language, unruly, and constantly ready to pick quarrels with foreign countries."
--"I do not think so," I answered. "In the first place, the discipline of our men is very good, and they are most orderly and obedient to the emperor and his government. Then, too, the very nature of the organisation of our troops makes such matters differ greatly from hereditary troops or volunteers of long service. You see by the universal system, which we have adopted, men serve in the ranks only for a limited time, and therefore in the course of a few years the old soldiers retire, and go back to their original avocations in the country or the town, as the case may be, and the new ones fill their places.
While the newcomers would be inspired by the traditions of their regiments, they could not, at the same time, be personally bombastic on account of the deeds of their predecessors."
--"But what of the generals and officers?"
--"Of them I entertain no fear of their becoming jingoes. After having undergone all the hard work, and having achieved many brilliant victories, it is only natural that generals and other officers, indeed the army itself, should win greater popularity and higher estimation in the people"s minds, and it is possible that their weight may be felt indirectly in internal politics. But it would never go so far as to make any difference in our external relations with foreign countries. As a matter of fact, our generals and officers are as little inclined to meddle with general politics as they are intent on fulfilling their professional duties. Above all, as I have so often said, it is a great misconception on the part of some Occidentals to suppose the j.a.panese at large to be an aggressive and bellicose nation."
--"Your army is now organised under the universal service system," said another. "Before the present Imperial regime came into existence you had, as I understand, a very deep-rooted hereditary system of military service. It must have been very difficult to abolish the old and subst.i.tute the new. Your Bushi were regarded as the flower of the land, and surely it was a most bold conception to subst.i.tute sons of peasants and tradesmen in their place, and to believe they would do service equally well, or better. Your statesmen must have had strong convictions to induce them to make such a radical change as the new regime. Please let us have some explanation on that point."
--"Well, roughly speaking," I replied, "I can only say that it was an outcome of the changed conditions of the time, but there were, of course, some circ.u.mstances which facilitated its formation. The Samurai, our hereditary military cla.s.s, was the pick of the j.a.panese population, more refined and more intellectual than any other. Nevertheless, the long-continued peace and the effects of inheriting their occupation made them somewhat inclined towards effeminacy--in other words, less martial than their ancestors. Besides, as I have explained elsewhere, the hereditary military system has one very weak point. Such shortcomings as these were already felt before the inauguration of the new regime, and it was noticed that the best soldiers who engaged in battles before the Restoration were those organised under methods differing from the old system. Let me explain it more in detail. Chosiu was the clan which fought more battles than any other. The Chosiu troops which fought best were different kinds of voluntary regiments, consisting of bands of adventurous young men enlisted from the lowest cla.s.ses of Samurai, as well as peasants and tradesmen. There was even a band which consisted of Yeta, who were afterwards emanc.i.p.ated and became new commoners, as I have explained elsewhere. At the time when an internal dissension broke out in Chosiu and its government was overthrown by the more radical elements under the leadership of such men as Takasugi, Kawase, Ito, Yamagata, Inouye and others, it was those voluntary bands just mentioned that sided with them against the troops of the government, who mostly belonged to the higher cla.s.ses of the hereditary military families.
Shortly after that event Kido, who was a partic.i.p.ator of the same idea and the Senior of those men, had returned to Chosiu after an absence of about ten months as a fugitive, and had become the moving spirit of Chosiu. It was just at the time when Chosiu was on the eve of being surrounded a second time by the Shogunate troops, and it was a very critical period for the Chosiu, who had to make every preparation for fighting against great odds. At Kido"s recommendation, Murata was intrusted by the prince to organise in the European style all the troops of Chosiu, including those bands. Murata (who afterwards changed his name into Omura) was originally a medical student, and had studied the Dutch language and subsequently the Dutch military system. In the early days of the new Imperial regime he occupied a high post in the Imperial Army Department, and his bronze statue is standing high in Tokio, before the shrine of warriors. But to return to my subject. Chosiu defeated the Shogunate troops on all sides. Thus in Chosiu the weakness of the hereditary military system had been practically seen very early. Most of the Shogunate troops were organised according to the old system of the Middle Ages. Many of them, being clad in heavy armour, were no match for the Chosiu troops with their light equipments. On the Shogunate side there were also some regiments which fought well, but they were those which had been organised and drilled after the European style. In that war, and the subsequent ones, it was well known that the best troops on the anti-imperialist side were also those which had been organised something like volunteer regiments and drilled after the European system. These facts will show that even before the Restoration the credit of the hereditary military system had already considerably declined. Marshal Yamagata was originally a person belonging to an insignificant cla.s.s of the Chosiu Samurai, and was the leader of the most powerful band of Chosiu I have just mentioned. You may well imagine that he would not be a man to advocate the continuation of the hereditary military system. The introduction of the system of universal service founded upon the European Continental system is due to him."
--"That goes a long way to explain the matter," said one.
--"But do you conscientiously believe," said another, "that j.a.pan will not suffer from "swollen head," and will continue to have sufficient control of herself?"
--"I do. Why not? I know it. No sooner had I landed on the American soil last year, having left j.a.pan immediately after the outbreak of the war, than I gave my views to the American press on the then existing situation, as well as on our probable future, showing the true motives and aspirations of my country. They were widely circulated. My meaning was identical in every case, though the words and matters touched upon were not necessarily identical. I will recite you one specimen which was then published in an American weekly.
"As to our fight with Russia, we are as able to meet her army on land as we are her fleets on the sea. We have just the same confidence in our army as in the navy. But we would be very sorry to be regarded by the world as only fighting men. We have been for many years striving for the a.s.similation of everything materially and mentally good that belongs to the best type of the American and European civilisation. We aspire to be a nation, but our endeavour for the realisation of that idea is based on a larger peaceful acquisition of intellectual culture. We have no ambition for territorial aggrandis.e.m.e.nt. We have not the least idea of making any difference on account of race. We desire to govern ourselves and advance in the world in peace--not to conquer and tyrannise over another people. We come into the comity of nations, but that entirely on the occidental basis of civilisation. Some people speak of us as pagan, but the conscience of the people is perfectly free in our country, and it is guaranteed by our const.i.tution. We believe in toleration and absolute liberty of religious conviction, and I may safely say that religion is many times freer in our country than it is in the country which is now our foe. We are disposed to be, and earnestly wish and strive to be, liberal and tolerant in all things. This fact, I am glad to see, is already so widely recognised by those Americans and Europeans who are connected with and know about such matters. We hope to advance to that place in the world where our beautiful little country will be a leader among the nations of the world in science, industry, arts, and intellectual achievements, and an example of peace and harmony towards all races, all nations, and all men.
--"I still hold the same views. I have no reason to fear that I shall have to change them after the war. It might perhaps be more interesting and convincing if you were to see what some people, other than ourselves, who are capable of giving an idea on the point, say. Mr.
Seppings Wright, an English ex-naval officer and an artist, is one. He was on board one or other of the ships of Admiral Togo"s fleet for many months under exceptional circ.u.mstances. He returned to England quite recently. An interesting interview with him was published in a recent number of the English press. Here is the part bearing on the subject:
"THE MOST WONDERFUL PEOPLE IN THE WORLD.
""I gather that you formed a very high opinion of the j.a.panese character?"
""They are," said Mr. Seppings-Wright, with animation, "the most wonderful people in the world. I make no exception. Neither the statesmen nor the peoples of Europe have yet learned to estimate the j.a.panese at their true value. They are destined to play a magnificent role in the future development of the world. At present people are talking of their courage, their great military qualities. These are, indeed, now sufficiently self-evident. I rate the j.a.panese army above any other army in the world. As for the navy, I cannot use language too strong to express my admiration for it. Yet what most impressed me was not the personal bravery of the j.a.panese soldier and sailor, or the splendid organisation of their naval and military forces, it was the character of the people--their unique simplicity, their chivalrous courtesy, their kindness of heart, their sweetness of disposition, their unaggressiveness. They have none of the l.u.s.t of conquest for conquest"s sake. They have never fought save to protect their territory or their vital interests--but they have never been beaten. Chinese, Koreans, and now Russians--they have resisted all, and beaten all in turn; and now that they have proved their right to be regarded as one of the Great Powers of the world, their influence will, I am convinced, be all on the side of peace and peaceful development."
""You make the j.a.panese out to be a new variety of the human race?"
""No, not a new variety--an old variety--a variety untainted by the commercialism of European civilisation. They have not yet learned the creed of individualism--of every man for himself. They will lay down their lives cheerfully and willingly for their country--for their emperor, who is almost a G.o.d in their eyes, since he embodies their fatherland. What new traits they may develop I cannot pretend to say."
"WHAT j.a.pAN CAN STILL DO.
""It would be strange," I interrupted, "if, after the unbroken series of victories they have won on land and sea, they did not develop some symptom of "swelled head"?"
--"I saw not the slightest sign of that. Very rarely you see even incipient symptoms in an individual. Their great successes have not apparently turned their heads in the least. They began this war in the most absolute confidence of victory. They can, if need be, do much more than they have done. No one knows the number of men Oyama has in Manchuria--no one, that is, outside the Government and the Headquarters" Staff.""
--"Of the navy," said another, "it is truly amazing that you should have such an efficient one, which you have built up in the course of no more than two or three decades. a.s.siduous and energetic as you must have been, there must have been some other circ.u.mstances which have helped you in arriving at that result, or at least I cannot think otherwise when I reflect calmly on the matter."
--"Your views are not far from fact," I answered. "It would be certainly amazing if a people who had only known perhaps canoes in a small stream, having no seafaring experience or tradition, built up a new navy as we have done. Many people have carelessly looked upon j.a.pan as such, hence the misconception. j.a.pan abounds in history and traditions of the sea from the dawn of her history. Our fleets often made distant expeditions, and fought battles far out of our own waters.
The ships were, no doubt, rude and primitive compared with the modern ones. From the model of a warship made about three hundred years ago, which I have seen in a temple not far from Tokio, I think that our ships of those days were not much inferior to those of the West of a corresponding time. From the period when foreign intercourse was suspended, the construction of large ships was prohibited, be it a warship or a merchantman. The country was in perfect peace, and the navy was in use even less than the army, and this, therefore, is why such an enormous difference between the European system and ours had come into existence. Nevertheless, some feudal lords whose seats were situated on the sea-coast had a certain number of retainers specially destined for seafaring purposes. And, moreover, j.a.pan being a country surrounded by the sea on all sides, merchantmen and fishing boats, rude as they were, were abundant; hence the stock of sailors has never been wanting. With the new advent of the Western nations to the Far East some fifty years ago, with their "black ships," the country awoke to the necessity of having strong ships, and the Shogunate, jealous as it was in the ascendency of the feudal lords, abolished the prohibition against building large ships. Towards the later years of the Shogunate it possessed a small but creditable navy in the European style. Many feudal lords also possessed some kind of Western ships, several of them possessing eight or nine ships. Of course, many of these ships were only corvettes, or schooners, or ordinary commercial steamers, but they were all used by those lords and manned chiefly by their retainers, and were called their navy. They differed from ordinary merchantmen. These ships were mostly bought from Western merchants; a few were the presents of the Western monarchs to the Shogun; some were constructed in j.a.pan. The earliest steamship constructed in j.a.pan was a steam-launch built about 1862 in the province of Ise for the Prince of Chosiu. It was navigated from there to Hagi, the old capital of Chosiu, on the coast of the j.a.pan Sea. I do not know what became of it after that, but the fact that it navigated that distance would show that the j.a.panese were already gaining some capacity for building steamships after the European style.
When the Shogun submitted to the Imperial order and vacated the castle of Tokio, the navy of the Shogunate, declining to share the fate of the Shogun, raised anchor and fled to Hakodate under the leadership of Yenomoto. Several of the best ships were lost by storm and some in fighting, and practically no ship was left of the revolting fleets. With the submission of Yenomoto and his partic.i.p.ators, the country regained a complete peace. Then began the construction of the new navy. The feudal lords presented to the Imperial government their ships, most of which had already done their service during the preceding war. Most of the officers and sailors took service under the Imperial government just as they were. Many men who were engaged in naval affairs under the Shogunate were given suitable positions under the new government; even Yenomoto, the chief of the rebel fleet, was made an admiral after he had been pardoned. The navy being more expensive in every way than the army, we had more difficulty in its development; but in one way or another the Imperial government has exerted its energy until we have obtained the navy of the present moment. It has required much patience and ingenuity from both technical and political points of view, but somehow or other we have managed so far. I may add a few words more. In the early days of the Imperial government a large number of English naval officers were engaged by our government, who did much service in the organisation of our navy, for which we feel much indebtedness. I may also add that later on Monsieur Bertin of France, whom we have engaged for some years, has also done much service in the matter."
--"You now have several shipbuilding yards, both governmental and private," said one, "and you can construct big ships yourselves. How was it brought about at first?"