Here a compatriot of mine turned to me, and said privately that the gentleman who had just made the above remark was one who could not be persuaded to believe that Western civilisation had taken root in j.a.pan, and who did not until recently believe that j.a.pan could cope with the Russians. His reason was not on account of any bias against j.a.pan, but because he could not believe Western civilisation could be transplanted to an exotic soil in so short a time, as in the case of j.a.pan. He had only recently begun to think otherwise, after close observation of the progress of the war, and therefore wished to know the true history of the evolution of all the important changes which had taken place in our country.
--"Now you gentlemen have had enough time," said a lady. "It is our turn now. I suppose, baron, you will be going home before long, when the war comes to an end. Shall you also be like some of the j.a.panese I have had the pleasure of knowing? I mean to say that the j.a.panese are, as a rule, pleasant enough and friendly enough while with us, but after they have gone back to their country we seldom hear from them. But when they happen to revisit this part of the world, they return to us and are as pleasant and friendly as before, as though nothing had happened in the interval."
--"Ah! I understand. I am afraid I shall be like them. We j.a.panese are not good correspondents. In that respect I think the English are the best. It seems writing letters is a part of their pleasure. They write so many letters even in the midst of hasty travelling. Our heads somehow seem heavy when it comes to the task of letter-writing. When we go back to j.a.pan, unless we are engaged in some offices where foreign languages are needed, we have no occasion to think or to write in them, and we soon forget the thread of the foreign style of thought and tongue, and, therefore, it is difficult even to find good dicta for writing a simple letter. Remember, moreover, there is nothing so difficult as writing simple letters; especially is it so with us j.a.panese. Then, again, the paper, ink, and pens which we use for our own writing are totally different from yours, and they are useless for writing Occidental characters. Therefore, when we think of writing a letter to an Occidental friend, we might find the ink-bottle quite dry, nibs quite rotten, and the sheets of writing paper may be wanting, and perhaps we should have to send for them all anew. The spelling of quite common words may not be at our command, and if we just wished to refer to a dictionary, we should perhaps find that it had been mislaid somewhere among the heaps of j.a.panese books, or perhaps had been taken away altogether by a young student. Such being the case, you can well imagine that the j.a.panese cannot be very good correspondents if they wished. The fact that they do not write letters does not show that they do not remember old friendships, and therefore, if they happen to revisit the West, they would be, as you say, as friendly and pleasant as though nothing had happened in the interval."
--"That explains the matter very well," said she. "I am sure you will be like one of those, especially as you will have so much to do for your country, perhaps in some busy office in the Government."
--"You are quite right in the first part of your observation. I have no reputation for being a good correspondent. Perhaps you know that the great Marlborough always felt much difficulty in writing letters. He used to say that he would sooner fight a great battle, and with more ease, than write a letter of fifteen lines to his wife, so you will see I have some consolation, because even amongst the English there are those who are not particularly fond of writing letters. As to the second part of your observation, you are wrong. I have no desire to seek office. I do not care for the hustle and bustle of the world. I prefer to spend my time calmly and quietly in the midst of nature, and therefore, after my return to j.a.pan, you will hear of me no more. If you ever happen to hear of me, it will only be when some grave and exceptional circ.u.mstance of my country requires my service, whereby I may be obliged to sacrifice my own inclination. But I must now say "exit.""
So saying, I left the group. On my way back home, I dropped into the coffee-room of an hotel and met there accidentally a rich young Scandinavian artist, whom I had met before, when once staying at that hotel. He was with two ladies, an operatic singer and her mother, both of whom were American by birth. From their appearance, and from what I have since heard, they belonged to a well-to-do family. She had taken to her present profession rather on account of a natural gift for singing than from any necessity. Her mother had come over to Paris for a short time to visit her daughter and was staying at the hotel. Through the Scandinavian we soon came to know each other, and as we took coffee together we had some conversation, which naturally turned on the j.a.panese stage. In the course of the conversation, I furnished them with a number of details in connection with the subject in answer to their questions:
"On our stage some actors act female parts, as was the case with the European stage from the Greeks down to recent centuries in Modern Europe. With us, however, unlike your ancient stage, grown-up actors, not necessarily youths, act all important female parts, and yet they imitate real females so well, that it is regarded as almost a marvel. They have a peculiar method of making use of certain muscles and bones which make their movements resemble those of women. It requires much training from boyhood, and that is the reason why the female characters of the new school, of which I shall speak presently, are not so realistic as those of the old school. Our best actors are those who can act well both male and female characters, but naturally there are some who are more fitted than others for acting female parts. Shikwan is one of the best actors at this moment. I read recently a letter written by a New York lady, while on a visit to j.a.pan, who is reputed a great patron of the stage. It was addressed to Shikwan, and sent, together with a bouquet. In it she says that it was almost amazing to her to have seen him acting the part of a great warrior and soon after the part of a delicate and n.o.ble lady, and that she considered him the first actor in the world. I think there is a great deal of truth in her remarks. Most foreigners who first visit our theatre can hardly be made to believe that the female characters are actually acted by males. The architectural peculiarities of our stage are:--_First_, the greater part of it is a large, round, movable platform on pivots, and is used to great advantage for "decorative properties" as well as for the acting.
_Secondly_, we have the so-called "flower ways" on both sides of the stalls. They can also be used with great effectiveness for some kinds of acting, though it would be rather difficult to have them in the European style of stage building. It is, however, a very common mistake of most Europeans to think we have no actresses. We have actresses as well as actors, only they form different and separate companies, and it is only seldom and of recent date that they act together. Danjiuro was the greatest actor we have had in recent centuries. Kikugoro and then Sadanji came next They were regarded as "the trio," but all three have died within the last few years. We do not think we shall have the same talent again for many years to come. A Garrick, a Henry Irving, or a Sarah Bernhardt is not a production of every generation. Danjiuro in particular was accounted, even by Occidental visitors, among the few of the greatest actors of the world. Curiously enough there was much resemblance between the personal character and style of acting of Danjiuro and Sir Henry Irving. The _forte_ of Danjiuro was historical representations, and so it was with Irving. Danjiuro acted more in spirit, that is to say, with as little action and rhetoric as possible, but with more suppressed but visible emotion.
When he began this style of acting in his younger days, he was not popular at first: people thought he lacked theatrical display, but he soon succeeded in manifesting his great ability. Not only did he work out his own way, but he elevated the public taste. He also much improved the social and moral tone of his profession by the force of his character. In all these respects, I think there was much resemblance between him and Sir Henry Irving. The old stage, however, is hampered by much conventionality which is not entirely suited to modern taste. This has brought forward the new school.
Oto Kawakami, the husband of Sada-Yakko, was the pioneer of that school. Sada-Yakko, who is known very well to the Occidentals, and is highly appreciated by them, is no more than a gifted amateur, who joined her husband"s company through his influence. In j.a.pan it is called the "student plays," because actors belonging to that school are mostly students. In the early days of that school, plays acted by its actors were little else than mere charades, of the most comical nature, even when the meaning was grave. As time went on, they have become more and more skilful, so that eventually something has been produced worth seeing, more especially because they are not hampered by any old conventionality or tradition. They can produce on the stage any incident which they deem worth showing, and they can introduce any innovation which the old school would not dare to do. Besides, these actors being students themselves, they have one advantage of having more educational intelligence than the greater number of the actors belonging to the old school. There is, therefore, much hope for the future in the new school, and it is making rapid progress, so much so, that its influence is being reflected on the old school."
During the conversation, I was asked by the gentleman to witness the young singer"s performance, in which request the ladies joined. I had no other course than to accept. Time in Dreamland flies fast, and I soon found myself at one of the Operas together with the Scandinavian gentleman; and there, to my surprise, I found the young singer was a _prima donna_. The act was _Maritana_; she acted the male part of Don Caesar. The performance went on splendidly, and Act II. was reached. I happened to know the following declamation by Don Caesar, and when she sang it I was thrilled, because each word sounded as though uttered by our own heroes of times gone by:
"Ah! per pieta, signor, non raddoppiate L"aspro mio duol! Almen mi fosse dato Per grazia di morir come un soldato!
Come sul campo il milite Pugnando suol morir, Concedi a me da libero Soldato i di finir!
Tosto l"acciar fulmineo Decida omai di me!
Dira ciascuno, il misero Da prode morto egli e, Dira ciascuno, il misero Da prode morto egli e Da prode morto egli e.
Se di mia stirpe l"ultimo, Rampollo in me sen"va, Degli avi degno il povero Don Cesare morra.
Se freddo avel marmoreo Non si concede a me, Mi basta sol che dicano: "Da prode morto egli e.""
"Ah! spare, oh spare my ancient name From such foul disgrace--one boon, It is the last I shall ask thee, "Tis to die, e"en like a soldier.
Yes! let me like a soldier fall, Upon some open plain, This breast expanding for the ball To blot out ev"ry stain.
Brave manly hearts confer my doom, That gentler ones may tell, Howe"er forgot, unknown my tomb, I like a soldier fell, Howe"er forgot, unknown my tomb, I like a soldier fell, I like a soldier fell.
I only ask of that proud race, Which ends its blaze in me, To die the last, and not disgrace Its ancient chivalry.
Tho" o"er my clay no banner wave, Nor trumpet requiem swell, Enough, they murmur o"er my grave, "He like a soldier fell.""
The curtain fell: my companion asked me if I would like to see the stage room of the singer. I a.s.sented, we pa.s.sed through the Green Room, and entered her room, where she was sitting on a chair, her mother with her.
After an exchange of a few words, she plucked a few blossoms from a branch of orchids in a vase on the table near her, and put them into my b.u.t.ton-hole, saying, "Allow me," and then, plucking some more, similarly favoured my companion. At that moment the stage-bell rang, and as I thought we were dashing out of the room and down the stairs, I awoke, and saw my young secretary standing before me. He said: "The dinner-bell has rung; you have slept very long."
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APPENDIX
I
POLITICAL ORGANISM OF j.a.pAN
This article is intended to explain the salient points of the political organism of the j.a.panese Empire, a subject on which many people have expressed to me their wishes to be informed. The chief sources of my authority are, of course, the Imperial Const.i.tution and the Imperial House Law promulgated February 11, 1889, but I have also made use of several other important laws and known facts bearing on the subject.
THE EMPEROR
The emperor is sacred and inviolable according to the const.i.tution. His majesty is the sole depository of sovereignty. Legislative power is given to the Imperial Diet, but the theory of our const.i.tution is that the emperor himself exercises that power with the _concurrence_ of the Diet. Other attributes of the emperor, such as the authority for convoking or dissolving the Diet, sanctioning or vetoing laws, promulgating the same, declaring war or making peace, ordering amnesty or pardon, or conferring honours, such as t.i.tles of n.o.bility, etc., are much the same as those of the most of the Western monarchical countries.
One important feature which is without a parallel in the const.i.tution of almost all other countries (except perhaps some resemblance in the Austrian const.i.tution) is that in j.a.pan the emperor has the power to issue "Urgency Ordinances" which have the same force as the law when urgency requires such enactments in order to maintain public safety or to avert public calamity, and it happens that the Diet is not sitting, though such ordinances have to be submitted to the Diet and its _ex-post-facto_ consent obtained in the next session, and they lose their force in case such consent is withheld by the Diet. Another important feature is that in j.a.pan, unlike several const.i.tutional countries, all matters relating to the organisation of the army or navy or the determination of the number of the standing army are entirely within the sphere of the Imperial prerogative and beyond interference by the diet though the latter has an indirect voice by reason of its partic.i.p.ation in matters of "supply."
THE IMPERIAL SUCCESSION
The established usage in respect of the Imperial succession of j.a.pan has always been in the main that of primogeniture on male lines. There had been, however, no hard-and-fast restriction similar to the Salic Law before the promulgation of the Imperial House Law of 1889, and, accordingly, we have had several empresses on the throne of j.a.pan, though there was never an instance of a reigning empress having a consort. The Imperial House Law has prevented for ever any female succeeding to the throne. We can therefore sum up the order of succession to the j.a.panese throne as that of the male primogeniture, viz., from the father to the eldest son, then to the eldest grandson and so on, in the direct line, in default of which, to the collateral line.
The order of all these is similar to that which appertains to European primogeniture. The ceremony of coronation is always to take place at Kioto, the old capital, so also is the Daijo-Sai, the grand festivity, which is celebrated but once in a reign. The full age of the emperor, the crown prince, and the eldest son of the crown prince, who has become direct heir to the throne owing to the early death of the crown prince, is fixed at full eighteen years, whilst with all the other members of the Imperial family it is full twenty years, like ordinary subjects of the emperor. When the emperor is a minor, a regency is to be inst.i.tuted.
When the emperor is incapacitated by grave causes from discharging his functions, the same thing also takes place. The order in which the regency may devolve upon members of the Imperial family is as under:
(1) The crown prince.
(2) The Imperial grandson, being already direct heir-apparent.
(3) Other princes.
(4) The empress.
(5) The empress-dowager.
(6) The grand empress-dowager.
(7) Princesses who have actually no consorts. Precedence amongst the princes is determined by the order in which they stand for succession to the throne, and that of princesses is determined in a similar way.
During the minority of the emperor, a grand guardian (Taifu) is appointed. In case no person for that office be named by the will of the departed emperor, he is to be appointed by the regent after having consulted the Imperial family council and the Privy Council. He cannot be removed unless the matter first be submitted to the consideration of the above-named councils. When a prince or princess is appointed regent, he or she shall not, during the tenure, abdicate in favour of any one except in the case where the crown prince or his eldest son, who had already become direct heir to the throne, has become qualified for the function on account of his attaining full age.
THE GOVERNMENT
The administrative affairs of the empire are discharged by a minister-president of state, and a number of the ministers of state. The ministers of state as they stand at present are: (1) The Interior. (2) The Foreign. (3) Finance. (4) War. (5) Navy. (6) Justice. (7) Communications. (8) Education. (9) Commerce and Agriculture. The chiefs of these ministries, viz., the ministers of state, form the cabinet under the presidency of the minister-president. The system and actual working of the cabinet is similar to those of the advanced Western nations. A cabinet meeting is held usually once a week, and important affairs of state are discussed therein. The cabinet as a body is responsible to the emperor for those affairs, though each minister has great lat.i.tude of action in matters which fall exclusively within the sphere of his ministry. There are many matters which do not require personal discussion. These are circulated among the ministers in the form of doc.u.ments for their signature. Matters discussed or considered in doc.u.ment by the ministers, and which require Imperial sanction are submitted to the emperor by doc.u.ments, or personally explained to his majesty by the minister-president or other ministers as the case may be; but when very important matters are discussed in the cabinet, it is always in the actual presence of the emperor. There is a minister for the Imperial household, but neither he nor his ministry have anything to do with state affairs, _i.e._ politics; consequently, the minister of the Imperial household is not a member of the cabinet.
There is a Privy Council, which consists of a president, vice-president, and about two dozen councillors, and these form the supreme consultative council of the emperor. It discusses and considers important state affairs when it is commanded by the emperor to present its views on any given matter.
The Ministry of Justice has control of the administrative sections of judicial affairs, but law courts have their distinctive organisation, and the judges are quite independent of administrative interference.
They are appointed for life and can be dismissed only for grave causes indicated by law.
Besides the War Ministry, there is a General Staff Office, and in addition to the Naval Ministry there is the Naval General Staff Office.
The demarcation of the spheres of their competency is that administrative affairs relating to the army and navy are controlled by the ministries, and those relating to technical and strategic matters, or such like, are controlled by the staff office. Both staff offices have a chief and a vice-chief. They are naturally not members of the cabinet. In time of war a special Imperial headquarters under the direct control of the emperor is const.i.tuted.