[374] Mommsen l.c.
[375] App. _Bell. Civ_. 1. 13; Plut. _Ti. Gracch. 13.
[376] Liv. _Ep_. lviii Promulgavit et aliam legem agrariam, qua sibi latius agrum patefaceret, ut iidem triumviri judicarent qua publicus ager, qua privatus esset. The t.i.tles borne by the commissioners appear as III vir a. d. a. (_Lex Latina Tabulae Bantinae_, C.I.L. 1. 197; Bruns _Fontes_ i. 3. 9; cf. _Lex Acilia Repetundarum_ 1. 13, C.I.L.
i. 198; Bruns _Fontes_ i. 3. 10): III vir a. i. a. (C.I.L. i. nn.
552-555); III vir a.d.a. i. (C.I.L. i. n. 583).
[377] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 13.
[378] App. _Bell. Civ_. 1. 13.
[379] Plut. l.c.
[380] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 14.
[381] Nitzsch _Die Gracchen_ p. 315.
[382] Liv. _Ep_. lviii Deinde, c.u.m minus agri esset quam quod dividi posset sine offensa etiam plebis, quoniam eos ad cupiditatem amplum modum sperandi incitaverat, legem se promulgaturum ostendit, ut iis, qui Semp.r.o.nia lege agrum accipere deberent, pecunia quae regia Attali fuisset divideretur. [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 64 Tulit ut ea familia quae ex Attali hereditate erat ageretur et populo divideretur, Cf. Plut.
_Ti. Gracch_. 14; Oros. v. 8. 4.
[383] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 14.
[384] Ibid.; Oros. v. 8. 4.
[385] Plut. l.c.. Cicero (_Brut_. 21. 81) speaks of a speech of Metellus "contra Ti. Gracchum". Plutarch"s citation may be from this speech.
[386] Cicero regarded Octavius"s deposition as the ruin of Gracchus.
_Brut_. 25. 95 Injuria accepta fregit Ti. Gracchum patientia civis in rebus optimis constantissimus M. Octavius. _De Leg_. iii. 10. 24 Ipsum Ti. Gracchum non solum neglectus sed etiam sublatus intercessor evert.i.t; quid enim illum aliud perculit, nisi quod potestatem intercedenti collegae abrogavit? The deposition was an act of "seditio" (_pro Mil_. 27. 72).
[387] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. Section 81.
[388] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 14.
[389] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 15.
[390] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 14.
[391] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 16 [Greek: _authis allois nomois anelambane to plaethos, tou te chronou ton strateion aphairon, kai didous epikaleisthai ton daepon apo ton dikaston kai tois krinousi tote synklaetikois ousi [triakosiois] katamignus ek ton hippeon ton ison arithmon_.] Dio Ca.s.s. _Frg_. 88 [Greek: _ta dikastaeria apo taes boulaes epi tous hippeas metaege_] (Cf. Plin. _H.N_. x.x.xiii. 34).
[392] Polyb. vi. 19.
[393] There was already such a maximum according to Polybius (vi. 19).
What it precisely was, is uncertain, as the pa.s.sage is corrupt.
According to Lipsius"s reading, it was twenty years, according to Casaubon"s, sixteen under ordinary conditions, twenty in emergencies.
The knights were required to serve ten campaigns. See Marquardt _Staatsverw_. ii. p. 381. The nature of the reduction proposed by Gracchus is unknown.
[394] _Lex Acilia_ ll. 23 and 74.
[395] Cic. _de Fin_. ii. 16. 54.
[396] No mention is made of the appeal in five cases in which criminal commissions had been established by the senate. The dates of these commissions are B.C. 331 (Liv. viii. 18; Val. Max. ii. 5. 3), 314 (Liv.
ix. 26), 186 (Liv. x.x.xix. 8-19), 184 (Liv. x.x.xix. 41) and 180 (Liv.
xl. 37).
[397] Vellei. ii. 2 (Tiberius Gracchus) pollicitus toti Italiae civitatem.
[398] Cicero is perhaps stating the result, rather than the intention, of the Gracchan legislation when he says (_de Rep_. iii. 29. 41) Ti.
Gracchus perseveravit in civibus, sociorum nominisque Latini jura neglexit ac foedera. No point in the Gracchan agrarian law is more remarkable than its strict, perhaps inequitable, legality. That its author consciously violated treaty relations is improbable.
[399] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 14.
[400] For the qualifications at this period see Mommsen _Staatsr_. i. p.
505.
[401] Dio Ca.s.s. _frg_. 88 [Greek: _epecheiraese kai es to epion etos meta tou adelphou daemarchaesai kai ton pentheron hypaton apodeixai_].
[402] App. l.c.
[403] Mommsen _Staatsr_. i. p. 523. Dio Ca.s.sius indeed says (_fr_. 22) [Greek: _koluphen to tina dis taen archaen lambanein_]; but tradition held that the proviso had been violated in the early plebeian agitations.
[404] App. _Bell. Civ_. 1. 14.
[405] App. l.c.; Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 13. The scene is thus described by Asellio (a contemporary):--Orare coepit, id quidem ut se defenderent liberosque suos, eumque, quem virile secus tum in eo tempore habebat, produci jussit populoque commendavit prope flens (Gell. ii. 13. 5).
Appian also speaks of a son, Plutarch of children.
[406] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_., 16.
[407] App. _Bell. Civ_. 1. 15.
[408] [Greek: _prostataes de tou Rhomaion daemou_] (Plut. _Ti. Gracch_.
17).
[409] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 16.
[410] Richter _Topographie_ p. 128.
[411] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 18.
[412] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 19.
[413] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 15.
[414] Ibid. 16.
[415] The dictator was usually nominated by the consul between midnight and morning (Liv. viii. 23), for the purpose of the avoidance of unfavourable omens.
[416] Tradition ultimately carried it back to the fourth century B.C. In the revolution threatened by Manlius Capitolinus (384 B.C., Liv. vi. 19) the phrase Ut videant magistrates ne quid ... res publica detrimenti capiat was believed to have been employed.
[417] Plut. _Ti. Gracch_. 19 [Greek: _epei ... prodidosin ho archon taen polin, oi boulomenoi tois nomois boaethein akoloutheite_.] The most specific and juristically exact account of these proceedings (one probably drawn from Livy) is preserved by Valerius Maximus (iii. 2. l7): --In aedem Fidei publicae convocati patres conscripti a consule Mucio Scaevola quidnam in tali tempestate faciendum esset deliberabant, cunctisque censentibus ut consul armis rem publicam tueretur, Scaevola negavit se quicquam vi esse acturum. Tum Scipio Nasica Quoniam, inquit, consul dum juris ordinem sequitur id agit ut c.u.m omnibus legibus Romanum imperium corruat, egomet me privatus voluntati vestrae ducem offero....