iv. 18; Justin. x.x.xvi. 4. 5; Florus ii. 3 (iii. 15); Oros. v. 8; App.
_Mithr_. 62.
[505] Sall. _Hist_. iv. 69 Maur. (Epistula Mithridatis) Eumenen, cujus amicitiam gloriose ostentant, initio prodidere (Romani) Antiocho, pacis mercedem; post habitum custodiae agri captivi sumptibus et contumeliis ex rege miserrimum servorum effecere, simulatoque impio testamento filium ejus Aristonic.u.m, quia patrium regnum petiverat, hostium more per triumphum duxere.
[506] The reality of the will is attested by a Pergamene inscription (Frankel _Inschr. von Pergamon_ n. 249). The inscription records a resolution taken by the [Greek: _daemos_] on the proposal of the [Greek: _strataegoi_]. The resolution is elicited after the will has become known and in view of its ratification by Rome (l. 7 [_Greek: dei de epicurothaenai taen diathaekaen hupo Rhomaion_]). Pergamon has by the death of the king, and perhaps in accordance with the will (see p. 177), been left "free" (l. 5 Attalus by pa.s.sing away [Greek: _apoleloipen taen patrida haemon eleutheran_)]. The first result of this freedom is that the people extends the privileges of its citizenship. Full civic rights are given to Paroeci (i.e. _incolae_) and (mercenary) soldiers; the rights of Paroeci are given to other cla.s.ses:--freedmen, royal and public slaves. The motive a.s.signed for the conferment is public security, and the extension of rights seems to be justified (l. 6) by the liberal spirit shown by the late king in the organisation of his conquests (see p. 175 note 2). The ruling idea seems to be that, if Pergamon was to be free, she must be strong. See Frankel in loc., Ussing _Pergamos_ p. 55.
[507] At the same time the self-governing character of the civic corporation might be recognised: and Attalus, if he made the will, may have been courteous enough to recognise the "freedom" of the city from this point of view. See p. 177.
[508] Liv. _Ep_. lix. c.u.m testamento Attali regis legata populo Romano libera esse deberet (Asia). Cf. pp. 175, 176, notes 5 and 1.
[509] Justin. x.x.xvi. 4. 6 Sed erat ex Eumene Aristonicus, non justo matrimonio, sed ex paelice Ephesia, citharistae cujusdam filia, genitus, qui post mortem Attali velut paternum regnum Asiam invasit. The epitomator of Livy (lix.) speaks of him as "Eumenis filius". Strabo (xiv. 1. 38) describes him as [Greek: _dokon tou genous einai tou ton basileon_].
[510] Florus i. 35 (ii. 20).
[511] Strabo xiv. 1. 38.
[512] Diod. x.x.xiv. 2. 26 [Greek: _to paraplaesion de_] (to the slave revolt in Sicily) [Greek: _gegone kai kata taen Asian kata tous autous kairous, Aristonikou men antipoiaesamenou taes mae prosaekousaes basileias, ton de doulon dia tas ek ton despoton kakouchias synaponoaesamenon ekeino kai megalois atychaemasi pollas poleis peribalonton_].
[513] Strabo l.c. [Greek: _eis de taen mesogaian anion haethroise dia tacheon plaethos aporon te anthropon kai doulon ep" eleutheria katakeklaemenon, ous Haeliopolitas ekalese_]. For the view that Heliopolis was a merely ideal city deriving its name from the sun-G.o.d of Syria, see Mommsen _Hist. of Rome_ bk. iv. c. 1; Bucher op. cit.
pp. 105 foll. For the hopes of divine deliverance which pervade the slave revolts, see Mahaffy in _Hermathena_ xvi. 1890, and cf. p. 89.
[514] Strabo l.c.
[515] Florus i. 35 (ii. 20).
[516] Val. Max. iii. 2. 12.
[517] Strabo xiv. i. 38.
[518] Strabo l.c. [Greek: _euthus ai te poleis hepempsan plaethos, kai Nikomaedaes ho Bithynos epekouraese kai oi ton Kappadokon basileis_].
Eutrop. iv. 20 P. Licinius Cra.s.sus infinita regum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bithyniae rex Nicomedes Romanos juvit et Mithridates Ponticus, c.u.m quo bellum postea gravissimum fuit, et Ariarathes Cappadox et Pylaemenes Paphlagon. The Pontic king was Mithradates Euergetes, not Eupator.
[519] Cic. _Phil_. xi. 8. 18 Populus Roma.n.u.s consuli potius Cra.s.so quam privato Africano bellum gerendum dedit.
[520] In B.C. 189 (Liv. x.x.xvii. 51) and 180 (Liv. xi. 42).
[521] Cic. l.c. Rogatus est populus quem id bellum gerere placeret.
Cra.s.sus consul, pontifex maximus, Flacco collegae, flamini Martiali, multam dixit si a sacris discessisset; quam multam populus remisit, pontifici tamen flaminem parere jussit.
[522] Cf. Liv. _Ep_. lix. Adversus eum (Aristonic.u.m) P. Licinius Cra.s.sus consul, c.u.m idem pontifex maximus esset, quod numquam antea factum erat, extra Italiam profectus....
[523] Quinctil, _Inst. Or_. xi. 2. 50.
[524] Gell. i. 13.
[525] Intentior Attalicae praedae quam bello (Justin. x.x.xvi. 4. 8).
[526] Cf. Eutrop. iv. 20 Perperna, consul Roma.n.u.s (130 B.C.) qui successor Cra.s.so veniebat.
[527] Val. Max. iii. 2. 12; Strabo xiv. i. 38.
[528] Val. Max. _l.c. Cf_. Oros. v. 10; Florus i. 34 (ii. 20). Eutropius (iv. 20) states that Cra.s.sus"s head was taken to Aristonicus, his body buried at Smyrna.
[529] Justin. x.x.xvi. 4 Prima congressione Aristonic.u.m superatum in potestatem suam redegit.
[530] Eutrop. iv. 20. Cf. Liv. _Ep_. lix.
[531] Justin. l.c.
[532] Justin. x.x.xvi. 4 M. Aquilius consul ad eripiendum Aristonic.u.m Perpernae, veluti sui potius triumphi munus esse deberet, festinata velocitate contendit.
[533] Eutrop. iv. 20; Justin. x.x.xvi. 4.
[534] Vellei. ii. 4.
[535] Eutrop. l.c. Aristonicus jussu senatus Romae in carcere strangulatus est. According to Strabo (xiv. i. 38) he had been sent to Rome by Perperna.
[536] Florus i. 35 (ii. 20) Aquillius Asiatici belli reliquias confecit, mixtis-nefas-veneno fontibus ad deditionem quarundam urbium. Quae res ut maturam ita infamem fecit victoriam, quippe c.u.m contra fas deum moresque majorum medicaminibus impuris in id tempus sacrosancta Romana arma viola.s.set.
[537] Strabo xiv. 1. 38 [Greek: _Manion d" Akyllios, epelthon hypatos meta deka presbeuton, dietaxe taen eparchian eis to nyn eti symmenon taes politeias schaema_.]
[538] An inscription with the words [Greek: _Man(i)os Aky(l)ios Man(i)ou hypato(s) Rhomaion_] has been found near Tralles. It probably belongs to a milestone (C.I.L. i. n. 557 = C.I.Gr. n. 2920).
[539] Where the rights of _city-states_ were in question the lines of demarcation between "province" and "protectorate" were necessarily vague. Even a protectorate over small political units would demand organisation and justify the appointment of a commission.
[540] The evidence is furnished by a Cistophorus of 77 B.C. struck at Ephesus. See Waddington _Fastes_ p. 674.
[541] His triumph is dated to 126 B.C. (628 A. U. C., 627 according to the reckoning of the _Fasti_). See _Fasti triumph_, in C.I.L. i.
[542] Waddington _Fastes_ pp. 662 foll. Caria belongs to the province of Asia in 76 B.C. (Le Bas-Waddington, no. 409).
[543] It is dependent on this province in the time of Cicero (_in Pis_.
35. 86).
[544] Strabo xiv. 3. 4.
[545] Justin. x.x.xvii. i. Cf. Bergmann in _Philologus_ 1847 p. 642.
[546] Forbiger _Handb. der All. Geogr_. ii. p. 338.
[547] Reinach _Mithridate Eupator_ p. 43.
[548] Justin. x.x.xviii. 5.
[549] C. Gracchus ap. Gell. xi. 10. Cf. Plin. _H.N_. x.x.xiii. ii.
148 Asia primum devicta luxuriam misit in Italiam.... At eadem Asia donata multo etiam gravius adflixit mores, inutiliorque victoria illa hereditas Attalo rege mortuo fuit. Tum enim haec emendi Romae in auctionibus regiis verecundia exempta est.
[550] Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_ i. 2, pp. 423, 762; Reinach. _Mithridate Eupator_ p. 457.