_in Verr_. iii. 6. 12 Inter Siciliam ceterasque provincias, judices, in agrorum vectigalium ratione hoc interest, quod ceteris aut impositum vectigal est certum ... aut censoria locatio const.i.tuta est, ut Asiae lege Semp.r.o.nia.
[639] Dec.u.mani, hoc est, principes et quasi senatores publicanorum (Cic.
_in Verr_. ii. 71. 175).
[640] Polyb. vi. 17.
[641] Schol. Bob. p. 259 c.u.m princeps esset publicanorum Cn. Plancii pater, et societas eadem in exercendis vectigalibus gravissimo d.a.m.no videretur adfecta, desideratum est in senatu nomine publicanorum ut c.u.m iis ratio putaretur lege Semp.r.o.nia, et remissionis tantum fieret de summa pecunia, quantum aequitas postularet, pro quant.i.tate d.a.m.norum quibus fuerant hostili incursione vexati (60 B.C.; cf. Cic. _ad Att_.
i. 17. 9).
[642] Varro ap. Non. p. 308 G. Equestri ordini judicia tradidit ac bicipitem civitatem fecit discordiarum civilium fontem. Cf. Florus ii. 5 (iii. 17).
[643] Diod. x.x.xvii. 9 [Greek: _apeilousaes taes synklaetou polemon to Grakcho dia taen metathesin ton kritaerion, tetharraekotos outos eipen hoti kan apothano, ou dialeipso to eiphos apo taes pleuras ton synklaetikon diaeraemenos_.] Diodorus has preserved the utterance in a more intelligible form than Cicero (_de Leg_. iii. 9. 20 C. vero Gracchus ... sicis iis, quas ipse se projecisse in forum dixit, quibus digladiarentur inter se cives, nonne omnem rei publicae statum permutavit?).
[644] Cic. _pro Domo_ 9, 24 Tu provincias consulares, quas C. Gracchus, qui unus maxime popularis fuit, non modo non abstulit a senatu, sed etiam, ut necesse esset quotannis const.i.tui per senatum decretas lege sanxit, eas lege Semp.r.o.nia per senatum decretas rescidisti. Sall, _Fug_.
27 Lege Semp.r.o.nia provinciae futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae. Cic. _de Prov. Cons_. 2. 3 Decernendae n.o.bis sunt lege Semp.r.o.nia duae (provinciae). Cf. _ad Fam_. i. 7. 10; _pro Balbo_ 27. 61.
[645] Cic. _de Prov. Cons_. 7. 17.
[646] The colonists were to be [Greek: _oi chariestatoi ton politon_]
(Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9).
[647] Liv. _Ep_. lx Legibus agrariis latis effecit ut complures coloniae in Italia deducerentur. Cf. Plut. _C. Gracch_, 6. App. _Bell. Civ_. 1.
23; Foundations at Abellinum, Cadatia, Suessa Aurunca etc. are attributed to a _lex Semp.r.o.nia_ or _lex Graccana_ in _Liber Coloniarum_ (_Gromatici_ Lachmann) pp. 229, 233, 237, 238; cf. pp. 216, 219, 228, 255. It is difficult to say whether they were products of the Gracchan agrarian or colonial law. In either case, these foundations may have been subsequent to his death, as neither law was repealed.
[648] Vellei. 1. 15 Et post annum (i.e. a year after the foundation of Fabrateria, see p. 171) Scolacium Minervium, Tarentum Neptunia (coloniae conditae sunt).
[649] Forbiger _Handb. der Alt. Geogr_. ii. p. 503.
[650] L"Annee _Epigraphique_, 1896, pp. 30, 31.
[651] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8.
[652] Vellei. ii. 6 Novis coloniis replebat provincias. This may be wrong as a fact but true as an intention.
[653] Vellei. ii. 7.
[654] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 10 [Greek: _Rhoubrion ton synarchonton henos oikizesthai Karchaedona grapsantos anaeraemenaen hypo Skaepionos_]....
_Lex Acilia_ 1. 22 Queive 1. Rubria in. vir col. ded. creatus siet fueritve. Cf. _Lex Agraria_ 1. 59. Oros. v. 12 L. Caecilio Metello et Q.
t.i.tio (_Scr_. T. Quinctio) Flaminino coss. Carthago in Africa rest.i.tui jussa vicensimo secundo demum anno quam fuerat eversa deductis civium Romanorum familiis, quae eam incolerent, rest.i.tuta et repleta est. Cf.
Eutrop. iv. 21.
[655] Mommsen in C.I.L. i. pp. 75 ff.
[656] Mommsen l.c. This was the tenure afterwards called that of the _jus Italic.u.m_.
[657] Liv. _Ep_. ix; App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 24.
[658] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6; App, _Bell. Civ_, i. 23.
[659] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 7.
[660] Nitzsch _Die Gracchen_ p. 402.
[661] These are apparently the _Viasii vicani_ of the _lex Agraria_.
Sometimes the service was performed by personal labour (_operae_), at other times a _vectigal_ was demanded. See Mommsen in C.I.L. l.c.
[662] Cic. _ad Fam_. viii. 6. 5; cf. Mommsen l.c.
[663] This was prohibited by a _lex Licinia_ and a _lex Aebutia_ which Cicero (_de Leg. Agr_. ii. 8. 21) calls _veteres tribuniciae_. But it is possible that they were post-Gracchan. See Mommsen _Staatsr_. ii.
p. 630.
[664] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23 [Greek: _ho de Grakchos kai hodous etemnen ana ten Italian makras, plaethos ergolabon kai cheirotechnon hyph" eauto poionmenos, hetoimon es ho ti keleuoi_]
[665] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8.
[666] Cic. _Brut_. 26, 100.
[667] Mommsen in C.I.L. i. p. 158.
[668] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6.
[669] Seneca _de Ben_, vi. 34. 2 Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox Livius Drusus inst.i.tuerunt segregate turbam suam et alios in secretum recipere, alios c.u.m pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.
[670] The name of the law was probably _lex de sociis et nomine Latino_.
See Cic. _Brut_. 26. 99.
[671] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23 [Greek: _kai tous Latinous epi panta ekalei ta Rhomaion, hos ouk euprepos sygnenesi taes boulaes antistaenai dynamenaes; ton de heteron symmachon hois ouk ezaen psaephon en tais Rhomaion cheirotoniais pherein, edidous pherein apo toude, epi to echein kai tousde en tais cherotioniais ton nomon auto syntelountas_]. The words [Greek: _psaephon k.t.l._] refer to the limited suffrage granted to Latin _incolae_ (Liv. xxv. 3. 16); but the voting power of his new Latins would be so small that the motive attributed to this measure by Appian is improbable. See Strachan-Davidson in loc. Other accounts of Gracchus"s proposal ignore this distinction between Latins and Italians, e.g. Plutarch (_C. Gracch_. 5) describes his law as [Greek: _isopsaephous toion tois politais tous Italiotas_] and Velleius says (ii. 6) Dabat civitatem omnibus Italicis.
[672] If we may trust Velleius (ii. 6) Dabat civitatem omnibus Italicis, extendebat eam paene usque Alpis. Cisalpine Gaul was not yet a separate province, but it was not regarded as a part of Italy. The Latin colonies between the Padus and the Rubicon would certainly have received Roman rights, and this may have been the case with a Latin township north of the Padus such as Aquileia. But it is doubtful whether Latin rights would have been given to the towns between the Padus and the Alps. These _Transpadani_ received _Latinitas_ in 89 B.C. (Ascon. _in Pisonian_.
P. 3).
[673] C. Gracch. ap, Gell. x. 3. 3.
[674] Fann. ap. Jul. Victor 6. 6. A speech of Fannius as consul against Caius Gracchus is also mentioned by Charisius p. 143 Keil.
[675] Cic. Brut. 26. 99.
[676] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23.
[677] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 12 [Greek: _antexethaeken ho Gaios diagramma kataegoron ton hypaton, kai tois symmachois, an menosi, boaethaesein epangellomenos_.] The invective may have been directed against Fannius, According to Appian (l.c.) both consuls had been instructed by the senate to issue the edict.
[678] If it had been hampered in this way, the judicial protection of _peregrini_ against the judgments of the Praetor Peregrinus would have been impossible.
[679] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 12.
[680] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23.
[681] [Sall.] _de Rep. Ord_. ii. 8 Magistratibus creandis haud mihi quidem apsurde placet lex quam C. Gracchus in tribunatu promulgaverat, ut ex confusis quinque cla.s.sibus sorte centuriae vocarentur. Ita coaequatus dignitate pecunia, virtute anteire alius alium properabit.