[5] Ephesus is known to this day by the name of Aya-soluk, from Agios Theologos, or holy Divine, the t.i.tle given to St. John.
[6] Or perhaps by Nero, as some ancient writers say. Nero"s full name was Nero Claudius Domitia.n.u.s, which may have caused this confusion.
[7] 1 Tim. vi. 20.
[8] As St. Chrysostom says, "When thou beholdest the curtains drawn up, then imagine that the heavens are let down from above, and that the Angels are descending."
[9] Annotated Book of Common Prayer, Ritual Introduction, pp. xlix, 1.
[10] We are told that St. John adopted the vestments of the High Priest of the old covenant, and especially "the plate of the holy crown," with its inscription, "Holiness to the Lord," thus exhibiting very forcibly the continuity of the two priesthoods.
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CHAPTER V
The Primitive Church
A.D. 100-A.D. 312
[Sidenote: Persecution increases round the Church.]
We have already had occasion to notice the beginnings of the persecution which the Church was to undergo for the sake of her Head and Spouse, not only those of a local and unorganized character, which are spoken of in the Book of Acts, but also some of a more cruel and systematic nature under the Roman Emperors Nero and Domitian. From the death of the last of the Apostles to the conversion of the Emperor Constantine, A.D. 312, the Church pa.s.sed through a succession of fierce trials, in which her members were called to undergo similar sufferings to those which had been borne by the holy Apostles St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. John, and their fellow-martyrs[1].
Section 1. _Causes of Persecution._
In considering the causes which led to the persecution of the Church by the heathen around her, we {58} must, of course, place first as the root and ground of all, the malice of Satan, and his hatred of G.o.d, and of the means appointed by G.o.d for saving souls. [Sidenote: Satan"s enmity the great cause of persecution.] The Kingdom of G.o.d and the kingdom of Satan must ever be at war, and the fierce and varied sufferings inflicted by the cruel heathen on all who bore the name of Christ were so many a.s.saults of the great adversary seeking to overthrow the Church in an open and deadly struggle. But the life-giving Presence of her Incarnate Lord, and "the patience and the faith of the Saints," were mightier weapons than "all the fiery darts of the Wicked," and "the gates of h.e.l.l" were not suffered to "prevail against her."
[Sidenote: Other minor causes.]
There were, however, other and secondary causes which led to the persecution of the Church. The Romans were not usually intolerant of religions which they did not themselves profess; their worship of their own false G.o.ds had come to be a form, as far as the educated cla.s.ses were concerned, and what belief they had was given to philosophy rather than religion. Hence they were not unwilling that the nations they conquered should keep to their own respective creeds and religious ceremonies, so long as they did not interfere with Roman authority.
But the religion of Christ required more than this. It could not be confined to any one country, nor be content with bare toleration, nor rank itself with the many forms of Pagan misbelief. It claimed to be the only True Religion, the only Way of Salvation, before which the superst.i.tions of the ignorant, and the philosophy of the learned must alike give way. It made its way even into "Caesar"s household."
Besides this, Christians, owing to the nationality of the First Founders {59} of the Church, were often confounded with, and called by the same name as the Jews, who had a bad repute under the empire for rebellious and seditious conduct, and we know how, even in the days of St. Paul, the charge of sedition had begun to be most unjustly fastened upon the followers of the Meek and Lowly Jesus. This charge of disaffection to the powers of the state received an additional and plausible colouring from the fact that the consciences of the faithful members of the Church would not suffer them to pay, what they and the heathen around them considered to be Divine honour, to the emperor or the heathen deities, by sacrificing a few grains of incense when required thus to show their loyalty to their ruler and his faith. Over and over again was this burning of incense made a test by which to discover Christians or to try their steadfastness, and over and over again was its rejection followed by agonizing tortures and a cruel death.
[Sidenote: Nero"s persecution.]
The persecution in the reign of Nero is immediately traceable to the accusation brought against the Christians by the emperor, that they had caused the terrible fire at Rome, which there seems little doubt was in reality the result of his own wanton wickedness, whilst that under Domitian appears to have been connected with the conversion of some of the members of his own family, his cousin Flavius Clemens being the first martyr sacrificed in it.
Section 2. _Number and Duration of Persecutions._
The following table[2] will show how the early days of the Church were divided between times of persecution and intervals of rest.
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_Chronological Table of Persecutions and Intervals of Rest._
A.D.
64-68. Persecution under Nero. Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul.
68-95. Time of peace.
95-96. Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of St. John.
96-104. Time of peace.
104-117. Persecution under Trajan. Martyrdom of St. Ignatius.
117-161. Time of peace. Apologies of Aristides, Quadratus, and Justin Martyr.
161-180. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius. Martyrdom of St. Polycarp, and the martyrs of Lyons.
180-200. Time of peace.
200-211. Persecution under Severus. Martyrdom of St. Perpetua and others in Africa.
211-250. Time of peace, excepting-- 235-237. Partial persecution under Maximinus.
250-253. Persecution under Decius. Martyrdom of St. Fabian.
253-257 Time of peace. Disputes concerning the _lapsed_.
257-260. Persecution under Valerian. Martyrdom of St. Cyprian.
260-303. Time of peace, excepting-- 262. Persecution in the East under Macria.n.u.s.
275. Persecution threatened by Aurelian.
303-313. Persecution under Dioclesian, Galerius, and Maximinus.
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Section 3. _Nature and Extent of Persecutions._
[Sidenote: Terrors of persecution.]
Words can hardly be found strong enough to express the many and varied tortures which were inflicted on the Christians of the Primitive Church by their heathen countrymen. Death itself seemed too slight a punishment in the eyes of these cruel persecutors, unless it was preceded and accompanied by the most painful and trying circ.u.mstances.
It was by crucifixion, and devouring beasts, and lingering fiery torments that the great mult.i.tude of those early martyrs received their crown. Racked and scorched, lacerated and torn limb from limb, agonized in body, mocked at and insulted, they were objects of pity even to the heathen themselves. Persecuting malice spared neither s.e.x nor age, station nor character; the old man and the tender child, the patrician and the slave, the bishop and his flock, all shed their blood for Him Who had died for them, rather than deny their Lord.
We have no possible means of estimating the number of this vast "cloud of witnesses," but authentic accounts have come down to us which prove that some places were almost depopulated by the mult.i.tude of martyrdoms; and when we remember the length of time over which the persecutions extended, the blood-thirsty rage of the persecutors, and the firm perseverance with which the immensely large majority of Christians kept the Faith to the end, we may form some idea as to the "mult.i.tude" of this n.o.ble army of martyrs "which no man could number."
[Sidenote: Persecution did not check the growth of the Church,]
So widely did the Church spread during the age {62} of persecution, in the face of all the fierce opposition of her enemies, that it was found at times to be impossible to carry out in their fulness the cruel laws against Christians, on account of the numbers of those who were ready to brave all for the sake of Christ. As has been often said, "The blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church."