the Soldier"s Home For the story of the Soldiers" Home, see Matthew Pinsker, For the story of the Soldiers" Home, see Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln"s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers" Home Lincoln"s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers" Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Elizabeth Smith Brownstein, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Elizabeth Smith Brownstein, Lincoln"s Other White House: The Untold Story of the Man and His Presidency Lincoln"s Other White House: The Untold Story of the Man and His Presidency (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2005). (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2005).
"She seemed to be in excellent" Benjamin B. French, Benjamin B. French, Witness to the Young Witness to the Young Republic: A Yankee"s Journal, 1828-1870 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England), diary entry, June 16, 1862, 399-400. (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England), diary entry, June 16, 1862, 399-400.
"We are truly delighted" Mary Lincoln to Mrs. Charles [f.a.n.n.y] Eames, July26 [1862], in Mary Lincoln to Mrs. Charles [f.a.n.n.y] Eames, July26 [1862], in MTL, MTL, 130-31. 130-31.
"reading the Bible" David V. Derickson, "The President"s Guard," a recollection cited in Pinsker, David V. Derickson, "The President"s Guard," a recollection cited in Pinsker, Lincoln"s Sanctuary, Lincoln"s Sanctuary, 5, 205. 5, 205.
"read Shakespeare more" John Hay, "Life in the White House in the Lime of Lincoln," John Hay, "Life in the White House in the Lime of Lincoln," Century Magazine Century Magazine 90 (November 1890): 35-36. 90 (November 1890): 35-36.
"I expect to maintain" AL to William H. Seward, June 28, 1862, AL to William H. Seward, June 28, 1862, CW, CW, 5:291-92. 5:291-92.
"He dwelt earnestly" Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, July 13, 1862, 70. July 13, 1862, 70.
"Things had gone from bad" Carpenter, Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 21-22. 21-22.
CHAPTER 21. 21. We Must Think Anew: July 1862-December 1862 We Must Think Anew: July 1862-December 1862 "After much anxious thought" This comes from Lincoln"s later words to Francis Carpenter, This comes from Lincoln"s later words to Francis Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 21. 21.
not set his sights on emanc.i.p.ation I am indebted to the insights of Allen C. Guelzo"s excellent study, I am indebted to the insights of Allen C. Guelzo"s excellent study, Lincoln"s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America Lincoln"s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), but I do not agree with his viewpoint, "The most salient feature to emerge from the sixteen months between his inauguration and the first presentation of the Proclamation to his cabinet on July 22, is the consistency with which Lincoln"s face was set toward the goal of emanc.i.p.ation from the day he first took the presidential oath". Lincoln"s path to his Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation was not consistent. See the essay "Review of (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), but I do not agree with his viewpoint, "The most salient feature to emerge from the sixteen months between his inauguration and the first presentation of the Proclamation to his cabinet on July 22, is the consistency with which Lincoln"s face was set toward the goal of emanc.i.p.ation from the day he first took the presidential oath". Lincoln"s path to his Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation was not consistent. See the essay "Review of Lincoln"s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation" Lincoln"s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation" by Michael P. Johnson, by Michael P. Johnson, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation Journal of the Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation 26, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 75-81; and George M. Fredrickson, 26, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 75-81; and George M. Fredrickson, Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2008). (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2008).
"as a fit and necessary "Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation-First Draft," July 22, 1862, "Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation-First Draft," July 22, 1862, CW, CW, 5:336-38. 5:336-38.
"The wisdom of the view" Carpenter, Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 22. 22.
"kid glove war" McPherson, McPherson, Tried by War, Tried by War, forthcoming. forthcoming.
"Old Brains" Stephen E. Ambrose, Stephen E. Ambrose, Halleck: Lincoln"s Chief of Staff Halleck: Lincoln"s Chief of Staff (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 5-6, 47. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 5-6, 47.
"I am very anxious" AL to Henry W. Halleck, July 14, 1862, AL to Henry W. Halleck, July 14, 1862, CW, CW, 5:323. 5:323.
"looked weary" Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, July 15, 1862, 559-60. July 15, 1862, 559-60.
"if by magic" Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, July 25, 1862, 563. July 25, 1862, 563.
asked Burnside to relieve McClellan Marvel, Marvel, Burnside, Burnside, 99-100. 99-100.
"I wish not to control" AL to George B. McClellan, August 29, 1862, AL to George B. McClellan, August 29, 1862, CW, CW, 5:399. 5:399.
"You must call on General Halleck" Ambrose, Ambrose, Halleck, Halleck, 65. 65.
"Public sentiment is everything" AL, "First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois," August 21, 1858, AL, "First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois," August 21, 1858, CW, CW, 3:13-14, 27. 3:13-14, 27.
he regularly saw Carpenter, Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 154. 154.
"grateful to the New-York Journals" AL to Henry J. Raymond, March 9, 1862, AL to Henry J. Raymond, March 9, 1862, CW, CW, 5:152-53. Attached to Lincoln"s letter to Raymond in the Lincoln Papers in the Library of Congress are all the editorials. 5:152-53. Attached to Lincoln"s letter to Raymond in the Lincoln Papers in the Library of Congress are all the editorials.
"Having him firmly" AL to Robert J. Walker, November 21, 1861, Nicolay and Hay, 11:121. AL to Robert J. Walker, November 21, 1861, Nicolay and Hay, 11:121.
"strangely and disastrously remiss" Horace Greeley, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions," Horace Greeley, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions," New York Tribune, New York Tribune, August 20, 1862. August 20, 1862.
"Broken eggs can never be mended" James C. Welling, in Rice, James C. Welling, in Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 525-26. 525-26.
I have just read yours AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, CW, CW, 5:388-89, n. 2. 5:388-89, n. 2.
I would save the Union Ibid., 388. 388.
"I have come from the West" John Pope to Officers and Soldiers of the Army of Virginia, John Pope to Officers and Soldiers of the Army of Virginia, OR, OR, vol. 12, pt. 3, 473-74. vol. 12, pt. 3, 473-74.
attack the Union supplies Robertson, Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, Stonewall Jackson, 556-57. 556-57.
"I am not prepared to crow" Strong, Strong, Diary, Diary, August 30, 1862, 3:249. August 30, 1862, 3:249.
"We are not yet in a condition" George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, August 28 and 29, 1862, McClellan, George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, August 28 and 29, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 412. 412.
"I am clear" McClellan to AL, August 29, 1862, McClellan, McClellan to AL, August 29, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 413, 416. 413, 416.
astonished by McClellan"s response John F. Marszalek, John F. Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln"s Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck Commander of All Lincoln"s Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 144-47. (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 144-47.
"was very outspoken" Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, September 1, 1862, 36-38. September 1, 1862, 36-38.
beaten Union units For a description of the second battle of Mana.s.sas (Bull Run), see McPherson, For a description of the second battle of Mana.s.sas (Bull Run), see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 526-33. 526-33.
"that the troubles now pending" Thomas and Hyman, Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 2. Stanton, 2.
"everything is to come" George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, September 2, 1862, McClellan, George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, September 2, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 428. 428.
"There was a more disturbed" Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, September 2, 1862, 105. September 2, 1862, 105.
"seemed wrung by the bitterest anguish" Bates"s observation is found in footnote 1 in AL, "Meditation on the Divine Will," September [2?], 1862, Bates"s observation is found in footnote 1 in AL, "Meditation on the Divine Will," September [2?], 1862, CW, CW, 5:404. 5:404.
"experience as a military commander" Chase, Chase, Diaries, Diaries, September 2, 1862, 119. September 2, 1862, 119.
"Well, General" Sears, Sears, George B. McClellan, George B. McClellan, 261-62. 261-62.
found refuge in his bottomless barrel Thomas, Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, 343. 343.
"state the case of his adversary" Tarbell, Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923), 2:113-15. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923), 2:113-15.
"manner did not indicate" Leonard Swett to WHH, January 17, 1866, Leonard Swett to WHH, January 17, 1866, HI, HI, 167. 167.
"He will issue no proclamation" Leonard Swett to Laura Swett, August 10, 1862, David Davis MSS, ALPLM, cited in Donald, Leonard Swett to Laura Swett, August 10, 1862, David Davis MSS, ALPLM, cited in Donald, Lincoln, Lincoln, 366. 366.
"had been appropriated" James Oakes, James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Dougla.s.s, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Dougla.s.s, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2007), 191-94. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2007), 191-94.
"Your race is suffering" AL, "Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes," August 14, 1862, AL, "Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes," August 14, 1862, CW, CW, 5:370-75. 5:370-75.
seemed to be closing the door Blight, Blight, Frederick Dougla.s.s" Civil War, Frederick Dougla.s.s" Civil War, 137-39. 137-39.
calculated to make this bitter pill Oakes, Oakes, Radical and the Republican, Radical and the Republican, 191-94. 191-94.
"Mr. Lincoln a.s.sumes" Frederick Dougla.s.s, "The President and His Speeches," Frederick Dougla.s.s, "The President and His Speeches," Dougla.s.s" Monthly, Dougla.s.s" Monthly, September 1862, in September 1862, in Life and Writings, Life and Writings, 3:267-70. 3:267-70.
"meeting of Christians" Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, September 5 and 8, 1862. September 5 and 8, 1862.
I am approached AL, "Reply to Emanc.i.p.ation Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations," September 13, 1862, AL, "Reply to Emanc.i.p.ation Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations," September 13, 1862, CW, CW, 5:419-20. 5:419-20.
"The subject is difficult" Ibid., 425.
the moment not to retreat James M. McPherson, James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Anti-etam Crossroads of Freedom: Anti-etam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 88-89. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 88-89.
"Now is the time" Richmond Dispatch, Richmond Dispatch, August 29, 1862. August 29, 1862.
Lee was on Union soil McPherson, McPherson, Tried by War, Tried by War, forthcoming. forthcoming.
"the friendly, almost tumultuous" McPherson, McPherson, Antietam, Antietam, 98-105. 98-105.
Halleck talked him out of it Henry W. Halleck to AL, September 12, 1862; and Nathaniel B. Banks to AL, September 12, 1862, ALPLC. Henry W. Halleck to AL, September 12, 1862; and Nathaniel B. Banks to AL, September 12, 1862, ALPLC.
"I have the plans" George B. McClellan to AL, September 13, 1862, ALPLC. George B. McClellan to AL, September 13, 1862, ALPLC.
east side of Antietam Creek The Union and the Confederacy conferred different names to a number of battles. The Union and the Confederacy conferred different names to a number of battles.
Union Designation Confederate Designation Confederate Designation Date Date Bull Run Logan"s Cross Roads Pittsburg Landing Second Bull Run Antietam Mana.s.sas Mill Springs Shiloh Second Mana.s.sas Sharpsburg Mana.s.sas Mill Springs Shiloh Second Mana.s.sas Sharpsburg July 21, 1861 January 19, 1862 April 6-7, 1862 August 29-30, 1862 September 17, 1862 July 21, 1861 January 19, 1862 April 6-7, 1862 August 29-30, 1862 September 17, 1862
The Union usually named the battle after a landmark adjacent to it, usually a stream or river, such as Bull Run. The Confederates normally named the battle for the town a.s.sociated with its base of operations, such as Mana.s.sas. For many of the battles, the names were often used interchangeably. An exception was the battle in southwestern Tennessee in April 1862. The North originally designated it Pittsburg Landing, after the landing on the Tennessee River they were determined to hold, while the Confederates named it after a church near where the battle began. The North quickly recognized Shiloh as the name of this b.l.o.o.d.y battle. For an extended discussion, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 346. 346.
Halleck was suffering Marszalek, Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln"s Armies, Commander of All Lincoln"s Armies, 148. 148.
"It has been a glorious victory" George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 14, 15, 1862, McClellan, George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 14, 15, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 461-63. 461-63.
"G.o.d bless you" AL to George B. McClellan, September 15, 1862. AL to George B. McClellan, September 15, 1862.
"I now consider it safe" AL to Jesse K. Dubois, September 15, 1862, AL to Jesse K. Dubois, September 15, 1862, CW, CW, 5:425-26. 5:425-26.
"Your dispatch" Richard Yates to AL, September 15, 1862, ALPLC. Richard Yates to AL, September 15, 1862, ALPLC.
the most violent day For a description of the battle see McPherson, For a description of the battle see McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom. Crossroads of Freedom.
"We are in the midst" George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 1862, McClellan, George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 464. 464.
would lose 1,700 men McPherson, McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, Crossroads of Freedom, 119-20. 119-20.
"Our victory was complete" George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 19, 1862, McPherson, George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 19, 1862, McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, Crossroads of Freedom, 467, 470. 467, 470.
the scope of the battle McPherson, McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, Crossroads of Freedom, 3. 3.
"when the rebel army" The Salmon P. Chase Papers, The Salmon P. Chase Papers, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1993), 1:149-50. ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1993), 1:149-50.
"the question was finally decided" Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, 1:143. 1:143.
I, Abraham Lincoln, AL, "Preliminary Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation" [September 22, 1862], AL, "Preliminary Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation" [September 22, 1862], CW, CW, 5:433-34. 5:433-34.
At the heart of Ibid.,434. Ibid.,434.
"G.o.d BLESS ABRAHAM LINCOLN!" New York Tribune, New York Tribune, September 23, 24, 1862. September 23, 24, 1862.
"Mr. Lincoln not only" Charles S. Wainwright, Charles S. Wainwright, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962), October 2, 1862, 109-10. ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962), October 2, 1862, 109-10.
"Hatch, what do you suppose" Nicolay, Nicolay, Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, 16. 16.
watched the biennial elections Mark E. Neely, Jr., Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 37-38. (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 37-38.
"vote of want" New York Times, New York Times, November 7, 1862. The traditional viewpoint has been that the 1862 elections, at both the national and state levels, were a disaster for the Republicans. James M. McPherson argues, "But a closer look at the results challenges the conclusion." See November 7, 1862. The traditional viewpoint has been that the 1862 elections, at both the national and state levels, were a disaster for the Republicans. James M. McPherson argues, "But a closer look at the results challenges the conclusion." See Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 561-62. 561-62.
On Novembers AL to Henry W. Halleck, November 5, 1862, AL to Henry W. Halleck, November 5, 1862, CW, CW, 5:485; Sears, 5:485; Sears, George B. McClellan, George B. McClellan, 337-39; Smith, 337-39; Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, II, 144. II, 144.
"Never has such a paper" National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, December 2, 1862. December 2, 1862.
"Without slavery" AL, "Annual Message to Congress," December 1, 1862, AL, "Annual Message to Congress," December 1, 1862, CW, CW, 5:536-37. 5:536-37.
"The dogmas of the quiet past," Ibid., 537.
"As our case is new" Ibid.
Fellow-citizens Ibid., 537. 537.
"that light and wisdom" See Richard F. Mott, ed., See Richard F. Mott, ed., Memoirs and Correspondence of Eliza P. Gurney Memoirs and Correspondence of Eliza P. Gurney (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1884), 307-13. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1884), 307-13.
"sympathy and prayers" AL, "Reply to Eliza P. Gurney," October 26, 1862, AL, "Reply to Eliza P. Gurney," October 26, 1862, CW, CW, 5:478 n. 1. 5:478 n. 1.
an alternative vision of reality David Zarefsky, "Lincoln"s 1862 Annual Message: A Paradigm of Rhetorical Leadership," David Zarefsky, "Lincoln"s 1862 Annual Message: A Paradigm of Rhetorical Leadership," Rhetoric and Public Affairs Rhetoric and Public Affairs 3, (2000) no. 1:5,12-13. 3, (2000) no. 1:5,12-13.
Lincoln expressed skepticism For the story of the Battle of Fredericksburg, see Marvel, For the story of the Battle of Fredericksburg, see Marvel, Burnside, Burnside, 175-200. For Lincoln"s cautions, see his letter to Henry W. Halleck, November 27, 1862, ALPLC. 175-200. For Lincoln"s cautions, see his letter to Henry W. Halleck, November 27, 1862, ALPLC.
Many blamed Lincoln AL, Proclamation to the Army of the Potomac, December 22, 1862, AL, Proclamation to the Army of the Potomac, December 22, 1862, CW, CW, 6:13. 6:13.
On Tuesday afternoon The best account of the Senate caucus is by Francis Fessenden, The best account of the Senate caucus is by Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessendent, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessendent, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907) I, 231-38. See also, Browning, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907) I, 231-38. See also, Browning, Diary, Diary, I, December 16-18, 596-98. I, December 16-18, 596-98.
Lincoln read Seward"s resignation See Doris Kearns Goodwin"s fine narrative of these events in See Doris Kearns Goodwin"s fine narrative of these events in Team of Rivals, Team of Rivals, 486-495. 486-495.
"I saw in a moment he was in distress." Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, December 18, 1862, 600. December 18, 1862, 600.
"with his usual urbanity" Fessenden, Fessenden, Life and Public Services, Life and Public Services, 240; Welles, 240; Welles, Diary, Diary, I, December 19, 1862, 194-96. I, December 19, 1862, 194-96.
Lincoln now moved to act quickly Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, December 20, 1862, 197. December 20, 1862, 197.