"Where is John Brough?" Emanuel Hertz, Emanuel Hertz, Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait (New York: H. Liveright, 1931), 2:914. (New York: H. Liveright, 1931), 2:914.
"The victory is complete" Salmon P. Chase to AL, October 14, 1863, ALPLC. Salmon P. Chase to AL, October 14, 1863, ALPLC.
"Glory to G.o.d" AL to Salmon P. Chase, October 14, 1863, ALPLC. AL to Salmon P. Chase, October 14, 1863, ALPLC.
"Pennsylvania stands by you" James M. Scovel to AL, October 11, 1863, ALPLC. James M. Scovel to AL, October 11, 1863, ALPLC.
"who is in good spirits" Welles, Welles, Diary, Diary, October 15, 1863, 470. October 15, 1863, 470.
"Let me congratulate you" James F. Moorhead to AL, October 15, 1863, ALPLC. James F. Moorhead to AL, October 15, 1863, ALPLC.
"You will receive herewith" Henry W Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, October 16, 1863, Henry W Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, October 16, 1863, OR, OR, vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479. vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479.
"I will hold the town" George H. Lhomas to Ulysses S. Grant, October 19, 1863, George H. Lhomas to Ulysses S. Grant, October 19, 1863, OR, OR, vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479. vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479.
"You do not estimate" AL to John Williams and Nathaniel G. Laylor, October 17, 1863, AL to John Williams and Nathaniel G. Laylor, October 17, 1863, CW, CW, 6:525. 6:525.
"My suggestion then" J. M. Forbes to AL, September 8, 1863, M. Forbes to AL, September 8, 1863, Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2:76. 2:76.
In previous wars American soldiers were buried Drew Gilpin Faust, in Drew Gilpin Faust, in This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), offers a distinctive angle of vision on the changing understandings of death and dying provoked by the ma.s.sive deaths of the Civil War. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), offers a distinctive angle of vision on the changing understandings of death and dying provoked by the ma.s.sive deaths of the Civil War.
plans for a national cemetery Kathleen R. Georg, "Lhis Grand National Enterprise: The Origins of Gettysburg"s Soldiers National Cemetery and Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial a.s.sociation" (Gettysburg National Military Park Library, 1982), 82. Kathleen R. Georg, "Lhis Grand National Enterprise: The Origins of Gettysburg"s Soldiers National Cemetery and Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial a.s.sociation" (Gettysburg National Military Park Library, 1982), 82.
Everett set the date Frothingham, Frothingham, Edward Everett, Edward Everett, 393. 393.
"I am authorized" David Wills to AL, November 2, 1863, ALPLC. Gabor Borritt, in David Wills to AL, November 2, 1863, ALPLC. Gabor Borritt, in The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That n.o.body Knows The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That n.o.body Knows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), offers a fresh and comprehensive examination of Lincoln"s Gettysburg Address in its broad historical context. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), offers a fresh and comprehensive examination of Lincoln"s Gettysburg Address in its broad historical context.
"Four score and seven" AL, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863, AL, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863, CW, CW, 7:23. 7:23.
"The days of our years" Psalms 90:10 (King James Version). Psalms 90:10 (King James Version).
In the last three sentences Ibid.
Investigations to unearth On Lincoln"s awareness of the ideas of Daniel Webster and Lheodore Parker, see Garry Wills"s suggestive book, On Lincoln"s awareness of the ideas of Daniel Webster and Lheodore Parker, see Garry Wills"s suggestive book, Lincoln at Gettysburg: Words That Remade America Lincoln at Gettysburg: Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
"Half a century hence" Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, November 20, 1863. November 20, 1863.
"Surprisingly fine as Mr. Everett"s oration" Springfield Springfield (Ma.s.sachusetts) (Ma.s.sachusetts) Republican, Republican, November 20, 1863. November 20, 1863.
"The cheek of every American" Chicago Times, Chicago Times, November 21, 1863. November 21, 1863.
"We pa.s.s over" Harrisburg Patriot and Union, Harrisburg Patriot and Union, November 20, 1863. November 20, 1863.
"The ceremony was rendered" Times Times (London), December 4, 1863. (London), December 4, 1863.
"Permit me ... ... to express" to express" Edward Everett to AL, November 20, 1863, ALPLC. Edward Everett to AL, November 20, 1863, ALPLC.
Braxton Bragg"s effort McPherson, McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 676-77. 676-77.
"Thomas, who ordered those men" Ibid., 677-80. Ibid., 677-80.
"The storming of the Ridge" Charles A. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, November 26, 1863, ALPLC. Charles A. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, November 26, 1863, ALPLC.
"I wish to tender you" AL to Ulysses S. Grant, December 8, 1863, AL to Ulysses S. Grant, December 8, 1863, CW, CW, 7:53. 7:53.
"Jeff Davis ... cursed" Amistad Burwell to AL, August 28, 1863, ALPLC. Amistad Burwell to AL, August 28, 1863, ALPLC.
government loyal to the Union The story of Southern disaffection and a resurgent Unionist spirit is told well by William C. Harris, The story of Southern disaffection and a resurgent Unionist spirit is told well by William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 123ff (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 123ff "as a restraint" Donald, Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man, 121-22. 121-22.
"menaced by the ambition" William E. Smith, William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1933), 2:237-40. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1933), 2:237-40.
"The policy of emanc.i.p.ation" AL, "Annual Message to Congress," December 8, 1863, AL, "Annual Message to Congress," December 8, 1863, CW, CW, 7:49-52. 7:49-52.
how much his thinking had changed AL, "Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction," December 8, 1863, AL, "Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction," December 8, 1863, CW, CW, 7:53-57. 7:53-57.
"Men acted as if the Millennium" Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, December 9, 1863, 121-22. Dixon was James Dixon, Republican senator from Connecticut. December 9, 1863, 121-22. Dixon was James Dixon, Republican senator from Connecticut.
"Mr. Lincoln has the inside track" Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, December 30, 1863. December 30, 1863.
"You have touched" Albert Smith to AL, December 12, 1863, ALPLC. Albert Smith to AL, December 12, 1863, ALPLC.
"Oh! that the President" Niven, Niven, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography, gives a full treatment of Chase"s bid for the Republican nomination in 1864. gives a full treatment of Chase"s bid for the Republican nomination in 1864.
"That visit to the west" Bates, Bates, Diary, Diary, October 20, 1863, 311. October 20, 1863, 311.
"It was in very bad taste" Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, October 18, 1863, 93. October 18, 1863, 93.
CHAPTER 25. 25. The Will of G.o.d Prevails: March 1864-November 1864 The Will of G.o.d Prevails: March 1864-November 1864 Grant arrived in Washington Simpson, Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, Ulysses S. Grant, 258-59. 258-59.
"Why, here is General Grant!" Smith, Smith, Grant, Grant, 289-90. 289-90.
"I am naturally anti-slavery" Guelzo, Guelzo, Lincoln s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation, AA-A7, Lincoln s Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation, AA-A7, 70-73. 70-73.
emphasize the overall pa.s.sivity See Donald, See Donald, Lincoln, Lincoln, 10, 14. 10, 14.
he began to correspond regularly Albert G. Hodges to AL, April 22, 1864, ALPLC; Hodges also wrote to Lincoln on April 25, May 27, July 19, August 11, September 15, September 29, October 24, November 1, November 12, December 1, and December 9, 1864, and March 1 and April 1, 1865, ALPLC. Albert G. Hodges to AL, April 22, 1864, ALPLC; Hodges also wrote to Lincoln on April 25, May 27, July 19, August 11, September 15, September 29, October 24, November 1, November 12, December 1, and December 9, 1864, and March 1 and April 1, 1865, ALPLC.
The will of G.o.d prevails AL, "Meditation on the Divine Will," AL, "Meditation on the Divine Will," CW, CW, 4:404. Roy P. Basier, editor of 4:404. Roy P. Basier, editor of The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, calculated the date of this reflection as September 2, 1862, after the discouraging defeat at the second battle of Bull Run, but placed a question mark after the date. Douglas L. Wilson, in calculated the date of this reflection as September 2, 1862, after the discouraging defeat at the second battle of Bull Run, but placed a question mark after the date. Douglas L. Wilson, in Lincoln"s Sword, Lincoln"s Sword, offers persuasive evidence that Lincoln"s meditation was written sometime in 1864. See 255-56. offers persuasive evidence that Lincoln"s meditation was written sometime in 1864. See 255-56.
"a distinct scheme of unbelief" Francis Wharton, Francis Wharton, A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1859), 147, 152. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1859), 147, 152.
Bates noted their attendance Bates, Bates, Diary, Diary, March3, 1861, 176. March3, 1861, 176.
as did Illinois senator Orville Browning Browning, Browning, Diary, Diary, December 22, 1861,517. December 22, 1861,517.
"where they habitually attended" Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 13. ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 13.
"The whole world to him" Leonard Swett to WHH, July 17, 1866, Leonard Swett to WHH, July 17, 1866, HI, HI, 162. 162.
"I wish to find a church" E. Frank Eddington, E. Frank Eddington, A History of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church: One Hundred Fifty-Seven Years, 1803-1961 A History of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church: One Hundred Fifty-Seven Years, 1803-1961 (Washington, D.C.: New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, 1962), 57-58. (Washington, D.C.: New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, 1962), 57-58.
"I like Gurley" David Rankin Barbee, "President Lincoln and Doctor Gur-ley," David Rankin Barbee, "President Lincoln and Doctor Gur-ley," ALQ ALQ 5 (March 1948): 3. 5 (March 1948): 3.
"an infinitely wise" Charles Hodge, Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology Systematic Theology (New York: Charles Scribner and Company, 1871), 1:583, 616.1 am grateful to Donald K. McKim for his help in thinking through the issue of fatalism and providence in the Reformed tradition. (New York: Charles Scribner and Company, 1871), 1:583, 616.1 am grateful to Donald K. McKim for his help in thinking through the issue of fatalism and providence in the Reformed tradition.
"Calvinism presented in his beautiful examples" William E. Schenck, William E. Schenck, A Memorial Sermon on the Life, Labours, and Christian Character of Phineas D. Gurley A Memorial Sermon on the Life, Labours, and Christian Character of Phineas D. Gurley (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1869), 42. I have examined more than thirty sermons by Gurley at the Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia. Although handwritten and undated, they are consistent in their presentation of typical themes of nineteenth-century Old School Presbyterian preaching, especially his emphasis on providence. (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1869), 42. I have examined more than thirty sermons by Gurley at the Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia. Although handwritten and undated, they are consistent in their presentation of typical themes of nineteenth-century Old School Presbyterian preaching, especially his emphasis on providence.
"Man is a rational" Phineas D. Gurley, Phineas D. Gurley, Man"s Projects and G.o.d"s Results Man"s Projects and G.o.d"s Results (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1863), 7. (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1863), 7.
"the world moves" AL, "Address at Sanitary Fair," April 18, 1864, AL, "Address at Sanitary Fair," April 18, 1864, CW, CW, 7:301. 7:301.
"The world has never had" Ibid., 301-2. Ibid., 301-2.
"The shepherd drives the wolf " Ibid., 302. 302.
"A painful rumor" Ibid.
attacked Fort Pillow The story of Fort Pillow, and what did and did not happen, is best captured in two articles: Albert Castel, "The Fort Pillow Ma.s.sacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence," The story of Fort Pillow, and what did and did not happen, is best captured in two articles: Albert Castel, "The Fort Pillow Ma.s.sacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence," Civil War History Civil War History 4 (1959): 37-50; and John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., "Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence about an Old Controversy," 4 (1959): 37-50; and John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., "Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence about an Old Controversy," Civil War History Civil War History 28 (1982): 293-306. 28 (1982): 293-306.
"that devil Forrest" Sherman"s a.s.sessment is in Sherman"s a.s.sessment is in OR, OR, vol. 39, pt. 2, 121, 142. vol. 39, pt. 2, 121, 142.
"The river was dyed red" For biographical information on Forrest, see Jack Hurst, For biographical information on Forrest, see Jack Hurst, Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993). (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
"to give me in writing" Abraham Lincoln, "To Cabinet Members," May 3, 1864, Abraham Lincoln, "To Cabinet Members," May 3, 1864, CW, CW, 7:328-29. 7:328-29.
Seward, Chase, Stanton, and Welles argued A summary of the cabinet responses is found in Nicolay and Hay, 6:478ff A summary of the cabinet responses is found in Nicolay and Hay, 6:478ff "Lee"s army will be your objective" Ulysses S. Grant to George G. Meade, April 9, 1864, Ulysses S. Grant to George G. Meade, April 9, 1864, OR, OR, vol. 33, 27-28. vol. 33, 27-28.
"to move against Johnston"s army" Ulysses S. Grant to William T. Sherman, April 4, 1864, Ulysses S. Grant to William T. Sherman, April 4, 1864, OR, OR, vol. 32, pt. 3, 246, cited in McPherson, vol. 32, pt. 3, 246, cited in McPherson, Tried by War, Tried by War, 205. 205.
"Not expecting to see you again" AL to Ulysses S. Grant, April 30, 1864, AL to Ulysses S. Grant, April 30, 1864, CW, CW, 7:324. 7:324.
two days of terrible, confusing fighting McPherson, McPherson, Tried by War, Tried by War, 210-11. 210-11.
"There will be no turning back" Henry E. Wing, Henry E. Wing, When Lincoln Kissed Me: A Story of the Wilderness Campaign When Lincoln Kissed Me: A Story of the Wilderness Campaign (New York: Eaton and Main, 1913), 13. (New York: Eaton and Main, 1913), 13.
"I saw [Lincoln]" Schuyler Colfax, in Rice, Schuyler Colfax, in Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 337-38. 337-38.
"I believe that if any other" Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, May 9, 1864, 195. May 9, 1864, 195.
"I propose to fight it out" Ulysses S. Grant to Henry Halleck, May 11, 1864, Ulysses S. Grant to Henry Halleck, May 11, 1864, PUSG, PUSG, 10:422-23. 10:422-23.
"for the last 8 or 10 days" Bates, Bates, Diary, Diary, May 15, 1864, 366. May 15, 1864, 366.
"I think Grant" The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade: Major-General, United States Army The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade: Major-General, United States Army (New York: Charles Scribner"s Sons, 1913), 2:201. (New York: Charles Scribner"s Sons, 1913), 2:201.
"I wish when you write" Brooks, Brooks, Lincoln Observed, Lincoln Observed, 113. 113.
the anti-Lincoln sentiment John C. Waugh, John C. Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 172-81. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 172-81.
Lincoln, in the telegraph office Bates, Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 195. 195.
writing a first history Henry J. Raymond, Henry J. Raymond, History of the Administration of President Lincoln History of the Administration of President Lincoln (New York: J. N. Derby and N. C. Miller, 1864). (New York: J. N. Derby and N. C. Miller, 1864).
"In view of the dread realities" Waugh, Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, Reelecting Lincoln, 188-89. 188-89.
"cordially endorse the principles" CW, CW, 7:382, n. 1. 7:382, n. 1.
"not to interfere" [June 6, 1864], [June 6, 1864], CW, CW, 7:377 n. 1. 7:377 n. 1.
Lincoln and Johnson formed an unlikely duo Waugh, Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, Reelecting Lincoln, 198-201; 198-201; Richmond Examiner, Richmond Examiner, quoted in quoted in New York Tribune, New York Tribune, June 24, 1864. June 24, 1864.
"I will neither conceal" AL, "Reply to Committee Notifying Lincoln of His Renomination,"June 9, 1864, AL, "Reply to Committee Notifying Lincoln of His Renomination,"June 9, 1864, CW, CW, 7:380. 7:380.
"I cannot" AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, CW, CW, 7:412-13. 7:412-13.
give Chase three options See Niven, See Niven, Salmon P. Chase, Salmon P. Chase, 364-66. 364-66.
"because the difficulty" AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, CW, CW, 7:413. 7:413.
"I cannot help feeling" Salmon P. Chase to AL, June 29, 1864, ALPLC. Salmon P. Chase to AL, June 29, 1864, ALPLC.
"Of all I have said" AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 30, 1864, AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 30, 1864, CW, CW, 7:419. 7:419.
"When does the Senate meet" Hay, Hay, Inside, Inside, June 30, 1864, 212. June 30, 1864, 212.
"War, at the best," AL, "Speech at Great Central Sanitary Fair, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,"June 16, 1864, AL, "Speech at Great Central Sanitary Fair, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,"June 16, 1864, CW, CW, 7:394-96. 7:394-96.
"Get down, you d.a.m.n fool," McPherson, McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Battle Cry of Freedom, 756-57. 756-57.
"would go 50,000 against us" Brown, Brown, Raymond of the Times, Raymond of the Times, 260. Raymond"s entire letter is in 260. Raymond"s entire letter is in CW, CW, 7:517-18. 7:517-18.
"The want of military success" Henry B. Raymond to AL, Henry B. Raymond to AL, CW, CW, 7:518. 7:518.
This morning AL, "Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Reelection," August 23, 1864, AL, "Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Reelection," August 23, 1864, CW, CW, 7:514-15. 7:514-15.
"They must nominate a Peace Democrat" Brooks, Brooks, Washington in Lincoln"s Time, Washington in Lincoln"s Time, 164. 164.
"after four years of failure" Donald, Donald, Lincoln, Lincoln, 530. 530.
"Atlanta is ours" John F. Marszalek, John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier"s Pa.s.sion for Order Sherman: A Soldier"s Pa.s.sion for Order (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 282-84. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 282-84.
"Glorious news this morning" Strong, Strong, Diary, Diary, September3, 1864, 480-81. September3, 1864, 480-81.
"The preservation of our Union" George B. McClellan to the Democratic Nominating Committee, September 4, 1864, McClellan, George B. McClellan to the Democratic Nominating Committee, September 4, 1864, McClellan, Civil War Papers, Civil War Papers, 590-92. 590-92.
electrified and disappointed Democrats Waugh, Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, Reelecting Lincoln, 298-302. 298-302.