literature cited in McGifferts notes. The sayings of Monta.n.u.s, Maximilla, and Priscilla are collected in Hilgenfeld, _Ketzergeschichte_, 591 _ff._ See also Hippolytus, _Refut._, X, 25_f._ [= X, 21, ANF.]
(_a_) Eusebius, _Hist. Ec._, V, 16:7. (MSG, 20:463.)
For Eusebius, see 3.
There is said to be a certain village named Ardabau, in Mysia, on the borders of Phrygia. There, they say, when Gratus was proconsul of Asia, a recent convert, Monta.n.u.s by namewho, in his boundless desire for leadership, gave the adversary opportunity against himfirst became inspired; and falling into a sort of frenzy and ecstasy raved and began to babble and utter strange sounds, prophesying in a manner contrary to the traditional and constant custom of the Church from the beginning. And he stirred up, besides, two women [Maximilla and Priscilla], and filled them with the false spirit, so that they talked frantically, at unseasonable times, and in a strange manner, like the person already mentioned. And the arrogant spirit taught them to revile the universal and entire Church under heaven, because the spirit of false prophecy received from it neither honor nor entrance into it; for the faithful in Asia met often and in many places throughout Asia to consider this matter and to examine the recent utterances, and they p.r.o.nounced them profane and rejected the heresy, and thus these persons were expelled from the Church and shut out from the communion.
(_b_) Apollonius, in Eusebius, _Hist. Ec._, V, 18. (MSG, 20:475.)
Apollonius was possibly bishop of Ephesus. His work against the Montanists, which appears to have been written about 197, was one of the princ.i.p.al sources for Eusebius in his account of the Montanists. Only fragments of his work have been preserved.
This is he who taught the dissolution of marriages; who laid down laws for fasting; who named Pepuza and Tymion (which were small cities in Phrygia) Jerusalem, desiring to gather people to them from everywhere; who appointed collectors of money; who devised the receiving of gifts under the name of offerings; who provided salaries for those who preached his doctrine, so that by gluttony the teaching of his doctrine might prevail.
(_c_) Hippolytus, _Refut._, VIII, 19. (MSG, 16:3356.)
For Hippolytus, see 19, _c_.
But there are others who are themselves in nature more heretical than the Quartodecimans. These are Phrygians by birth and they have been deceived, having been overcome by certain women called Priscilla and Maximilla; and they hold these for prophetesses, saying that in them the Paraclete Spirit dwelt; and they likewise glorify one Monta.n.u.s before these women as a prophet. So, having endless books of these people, they go astray, and they neither judge their statements by reason nor pay attention to those who are able to judge. But they behave without judgment in the faith they place in them, saying they have learned something more through them than from the law and the prophets and the Gospels. But they glorify these women above the Apostles and every gift, so that some of them presume to say that there was something more in them than in Christ. These confess G.o.d the Father of the universe and creator of all things, like the Church, and all that the Gospel witnesses concerning Christ, but invent new fasts and feasts and meals of dry food and meals of radishes, saying that thus they were taught by their women. And some of them agree with the heresy of the Noetians and say that the Father is very Son, and that this One became subject to birth and suffering and death.
Chapter III. The Defence Against Heresy
The Church first met the various dangerous heresies which distracted it in the second century by councils or gatherings of bishops ( 26). Although it was not difficult to bring about a condemnation of novel and manifestly erroneous doctrine, there was need of fixed norms and definite authorities to which to appeal. This was found in the apostolic tradition, which could be more clearly determined by reference to the continuity of the apostolic office, or the episcopate, and especially to the succession of bishops in the churches founded by Apostles ( 27), the apostolic witness to the truth, or the more precise determination of what writings should be regarded as apostolic, or the canon of the New Testament ( 28); and the apostolic faith, which was regarded as summed up in the Apostles Creed ( 29). These norms of orthodoxy seem to have been generally established as authoritative somewhat earlier in the West than in the East. The result was that Gnosticism was rapidly expelled from the Church, though in some forms it lingered for centuries ( 30), and that the Church, becoming organized around the episcopate, a.s.sumed by degrees a rigid hierarchical const.i.tution ( 31).
26. The Beginnings of Councils as a Defence against Heresy
Ecclesiastical councils were the first defence against heresy. As the Church had not as yet attained its hierarchical const.i.tution and the autonomy of the local church still persisted, these councils had little more than the combined authority of the several members composing them.
They had, as yet, only moral force, and did not speak for the Church officially. With the development of the episcopal const.i.tution, the councils gained rapidly in authority.
Additional source material: See Eusebius, _Hist. Ec._, V, 16 (given above, 25, _a_), V, 24; Tertullian, _De Jejun._, 13 (given below, 38).
(_a_) _Libellus Synodicus_, Man. I, 723.
For a discussion of the credibility of the _Libellus Synodicus_, a compilation of the ninth century, see Hefele, _History of the Councils_, 1.
A holy and provincial synod was held at Hierapolis in Asia by Apollinarius, the most holy bishop of that city, and twenty-six other bishops. In this synod Monta.n.u.s and Maximilla, the false prophets, and at the same time, Theodotus the tanner, were condemned and expelled. A holy and local synod was gathered under the most holy Bishop Sotas of Anchialus(51) and twelve other bishops, who condemned and rejected Theodotus the tanner and Monta.n.u.s together with Maximilla.
(_b_) Eusebius. _Hist. Ec._, V, 18. (MSG, 20:475.) _Cf._ Mirbt, n. 21.
The following should be connected with the first attempts of the Church to meet the heresy of the Montanists by gatherings of bishops. It also throws some light on the methods of dealing with the new prophets.
Serapion, who, according to report, became bishop of Antioch at that time, after Maximinus, mentions the works of Apollinarius against the above-mentioned heresy. And he refers to him in a private letter to Caricus and Pontius, in which he himself exposes the same heresy, adding as follows: That you may see that the doings of this lying band of new prophecy, as it is called, are an abomination to all the brethren throughout the world, I have sent you writings of the most blessed Claudius Apollinarius, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia. In the same letter of Serapion are found the signatures of several bishops, of whom one has subscribed himself as follows: I, Aurelius Cyrenius, a witness, pray for your health. And another after this manner: lius Publius Julius, bishop of Debeltum, a colony of Thrace. As G.o.d liveth in the heavens, the blessed Sotas in Anchialus desired to cast the demon out of Priscilla, but the hypocrites would not permit him. And the autograph signatures of many other bishops who agreed with them are contained in the same letter.
27. The Apostolic Tradition and the Episcopate
The Gnostics claimed apostolic authority for their teaching and appealed to successions of teachers who had handed down their teachings. This procedure forced the Church to lay stress upon the obvious fact that its doctrine was derived from the Apostles, a matter on which it never had had any doubt, but was vouched for, not by obscure teachers, but by the churches which had been founded by the Apostles themselves in large cities and by the bishops whom the Apostles had inst.i.tuted in those churches.
Those churches, furthermore, agreed among themselves, but the Gnostic teachers differed widely. By this appeal the bishop came to represent the apostolic order (for an earlier conception _v. supra_, 14, _b_, _c_), and to take an increasingly important place in the church (_v. infra_, 31).
Additional source material: For Gnostic references to successions of teachers, see Tertullian, _De Prscr._, 25; Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._, VII, 17; Hippolytus, _Refut._, VII, 20. (= VII, 8. ANF.)
(_a_) Irenus, _Adv. Hr._, III, 3: 1-4. (MSG, 7:848.) _Cf._ Mirbt, n. 30.
The first appearance of the appeal to apostolic tradition as preserved in apostolic sees is the following pa.s.sage from Irenus, written about 175. The reference to the church of Rome, beginning, For with this Church, on account of its more powerful leadership, has been a famous point of discussion. While it is obscure in detail, the application of its general purport to the argument of Irenus is clear. Since for this pa.s.sage we have not the original Greek of Irenus, but only the Latin translation, there seems to be no way of clearing up the obscurities and apparently contradictory statements. The text may be found in Gwatkin, _op. cit._, and in part in Kirch, _op. cit._, 110-113.
Ch. 1. The tradition, therefore, of the Apostles, manifested throughout the world, is a thing which all who wish to see the facts can clearly perceive in every church; and we are able to count up those who were appointed bishops by the Apostles, and to show their successors to our own time, who neither taught nor knew anything resembling these mens ravings.
For if the Apostles had known hidden mysteries which they used to teach the perfect, apart from and without the knowledge of the rest, they would have delivered them especially to those to whom they were also committing the churches themselves. For they desired them to be very perfect and blameless in all things, and were also leaving them as their successors, delivering over to them their own proper place of teaching; for if these should act rightly great advantage would result, but if they fell away the most disastrous calamity would occur.
Ch. 2. But since it would be very long in such a volume as this to count up the successions [_i.e._, series of bishops] in all the churches, we confound all those who in any way, whether through self-pleasing or vainglory, or through blindness and evil opinion, gather together otherwise than they ought, by pointing out the tradition derived from the Apostles of the greatest, most ancient, and universally known Church, founded and established by the two most glorious Apostles, Peter and Paul, and also the faith declared to men which through the succession of bishops comes down to our times. For with this Church, on account of its more powerful leadership [_potiorem princ.i.p.alitatem_], every church, that is, the faithful, who are from everywhere, must needs agree; since in it that tradition which is from the Apostles has always been preserved by those who are from everywhere.
Ch. 3. The blessed Apostles having founded and established the Church, intrusted the office of the episcopate to Linus.(52) Paul speaks of this Linus in his Epistles to Timothy. Anacletus succeeded him, and after Anacletus, in the third place from the Apostles, Clement received the episcopate. He had seen and conversed with the blessed Apostles, and their preaching was still sounding in his ears and their tradition was still before his eyes. Nor was he alone in this, for many who had been taught by the Apostles yet survived. In the times of Clement, a serious dissension having arisen among the brethren in Corinth, the Church of Rome sent a suitable letter to the Corinthians, reconciling them in peace, renewing their faith, and proclaiming the doctrine lately received from the Apostles.
Evaristus succeeded Clement, and Alexander Evaristus. Then Sixtus, the sixth from the Apostles, was appointed. After him Telesephorus, who suffered martyrdom gloriously, and then Hyginus; after him Pius, and after Pius Anicetus; Soter succeeded Anicetus, and now, in the twelfth place from the Apostles, Eleutherus [174-189] holds the office of bishop. In the same order and succession the tradition and the preaching of the truth which is from the Apostles have continued unto us.
Ch. 4. But Polycarp, too, was not only instructed by the Apostles, and acquainted with many that had seen Christ, but was also appointed by Apostles in Asia bishop of the church in Smyrna, whom we, too, saw in our early youth (for he lived a long time, and died, when a very old man, a glorious and most ill.u.s.trious martyrs death); he always taught the things which he had learned from the Apostles, which the Church also hands down, and which alone are true. To these things all the Asiatic churches testify, as do also those who, down to the present time, have succeeded Polycarp, who was a much more trustworthy and certain witness of the truth than Valentinus and Marcion and the rest of the evil-minded. It was he who was also in Rome in the time of Anicetus and caused many to turn away from the above-mentioned heretics to the Church of G.o.d, proclaiming that he had received from the Apostles this one and only truth which has been transmitted by the Church. And there are those who heard from him that John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe in Ephesus, when he saw Cerinthus within, ran out of the bath-house without bathing, crying: Let us flee, lest even the bath-house fall, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within. And Polycarp himself, when Marcion once met him and said, Knowest thou us? replied, I know the first-born of Satan. Such caution did the Apostles and their disciples exercise that they might not even converse with any of those who perverted the truth; as Paul, also, said: A man that is a heretic after the first and second admonition, reject; knowing that he that is such subverteth and sinneth, being condemned by himself. There is also a very powerful Epistle of Polycarp written to the Philippians, from which those who wish to, and who are concerned for their own salvation, may learn the character of his faith and the preaching of the truth.
(_b_) Tertullian, _De Prscriptione_, 20, 21. (MSL, 2:38.)
Tertullian worked out in legal fashion the argument of Irenus from the testimony of the bishops in apostolic churches. He may have obtained the argument from Irenus, as he was evidently acquainted with his works. From Tertullians use of the argument it became a permanent element in the thought of the West.
Ch. 20. The Apostles founded in the several cities churches from which the other churches have henceforth borrowed the shoot of faith and seeds of teaching and do daily borrow that they may become churches; and it is from this fact that they also will be counted as apostolic, being the offspring of apostolic churches. Every kind of thing must be judged by reference to its origin. Therefore so many and so great churches are all one, being from that first Church which is from the Apostles. Thus they are all primitive and all apostolic, since they altogether are approved by their unity, and they have the communion of peace, the t.i.tle of brotherhood, and the interchange of hospitality, and they are governed by no other rule than the single tradition of the same mystery.