[Sidenote: Tautologia.] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_, is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius. Therefore that iudgem?t was not lyke a iudgem?t O Iudges.
[Sidenote: Homiologia.] _Sermo ubique sui similis_, a greater faute then the other, is when the whole matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet he saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me.
Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider.
Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe persons.
[Sidenote: Amphibologia.] _Ambiguitas_, when thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better then hys mother.
[Sidenote: Periergia.] _Sedulitas superflua_, when ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye, and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that, [Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_, whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.
Inordinate and his partes.
Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:
[Sidenote: Tapinosis.] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it please your mastershyp.
[Sidenote: Aschrologia.] _Turpis loquutio_, when the words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde inowe.
[Sidenote: Cacozelia.] _Mala affectatio_, euyll affectaci or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to be brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: a phrase of building, or an audi?ce of shepe, as a cert? homely felow dyd.
[Sidenote: Aschematist] _Male figuratum_, when the oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the leaste.
[Sidenote: Cacosintheton.] _Male collocatum_, when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a place wher thei shuld not be.
[Sidenote: Soraismus.] _c.u.mulatio_, a mynglyng and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their examples be folowed, nor brought into a cmon vsage of speakyng.
Barbarie and hys partes.
Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche fr his purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes be these.
[Sidenote: Barbarismus.] Barbarismus is, when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or p.r.o.nouced ctrary to the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by addicion, detracci, chaunging, transposynge, eyther of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraci.
Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you inow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil p.r.o.nouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth.
[Sidenote: Solecismus.] _Inconueniens structura_, is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as when one parte is put for another, when gender for gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion for preposici, whych because it is vsed of famous auth.o.r.es, instede of fautes, be called figures.
Vertue.
Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: Proprietie and garnyshyng.
Proprietie and his partes.
Proprietie is when in wryting and p.r.o.nunciacion ther be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting.
[Sidenote: a.n.a.logia.] _Proportio_, proporcion is, whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion or markyng, not leanyng vp cause, but vpon example.
For in eloquence, the iudgement of excell?t men standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst boke.
[Sidenote: Tasis.] _Extensio_, is that wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voyce in pleasaunte p.r.o.nunciation.
Garnyshyng and his kyndes.
Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is wh? the oraci is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuerse goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and delectaci to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, composicion, and exornacion.
[Sidenote: Sinthesis.] Composicion is an apte settinge together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be considered that we so order our wordes, that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase.
There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men & women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then backewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde and gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consontes run not to harshely together, wyth many other, which Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put examples were to longe.
Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng th? w^t diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaugings of speach.
Tropes.
Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt th?. In figure is no alteracion in the wordes fr their proper significacions, but only is the oracion & s?tence made by th? more plesaut, sharpe & vehem?t, after y^e affecci of him that speketh or writeth: to y^e which vse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye be they so called, because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne significaci into another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude.
The former partes ben these.
[Sidenote: Metaphora.] _Translatio_, translacion, that is a worde translated from the thynge that it properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues of speche, this is the chyefe. -- None perswadeth more effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes more euidently, none moueth more mightily the affeccions, none maketh the oraci more goodlye, pleasaunt, nor copious.
Translacions be diuerse.
[Sidenote: i.] Some fr the body to the mynd, as: I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely begunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for I perceyue.
[Sidenote: ii.] From the reasonable to the vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men; to bees.
[Sidenote: iii.] From the vnreasonable to the resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou?
That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.
[Sidenote: iiii.] From the liuinge to the not liuyng.
The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The lande wyl spewe them oute.
[Sidenote: v.] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng.
Cicero florisheth in eloqu?ce.
[Sidenote: vi.] From the liuyng, to the liuynge.
The iews winched against Moses.
[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is good for a greue wounde.
[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do belong to vnlyke thinges.
[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transsupcion, is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as: he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe and verye depe.
[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: & this is done diuerse waies.
[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me.