Afterwards it was used as a watch-vessel in the Coastguard service at Chatham, and was eventually broken up at Sheerness Dockyard so recently as 1876.
[5] "A Perambulation of Kent: Conteining the Description, Hystorie, and Customes of that Shire. Written in the yeere 1570 by William Lambarde of Lincoln"s Inne Gent."
CHAPTER IV.
ROCHESTER CASTLE.
"I took up my hat, and went out, climbed to the top of the old Castle, and looked over the windy hills that slope down to the Medway."--_The Seven Poor Travellers._
TO the lover of d.i.c.kens, both the Castle and Cathedral of Rochester appeal with almost equal interest. The Castle, however, which stands on an eminence on the right bank of the river Medway, close to the bridge, claims prior attention, and a few lines must therefore be devoted to an epitome of its history in the ante-Pickwickian days.
Tradition says that the first castle was erected by command of Julius Caesar, when Ca.s.sivelaunus was Governor of Britain, "in order to awe the Britons." It was called the "Castle of the Medway," or "the Kentishmen"s Castle," and it seems, with other antagonisms, to have awed the unfortunate Britons pretty effectively, for it lasted until decay and dissolution came to it and to them, as to all things. It was replaced by a new castle built by Hrofe (509), which in its turn succ.u.mbed to the ravages of time.
[Ill.u.s.tration: The Castle from Rochester Bridge]
Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester (1077), whose name still survives here and there in connection with charities and in other ways in the "ancient city," appears to be ent.i.tled to the credit of having commenced to build the present ma.s.sive square Tower or Keep, the surviving portion of a magnificent whole, sometimes called "Gundulph"s Tower," "towards which he was to expend the sum of sixty pounds," and this structure ranks as one of the most perfect examples of Norman architecture in existence.
Other authorities ascribe the erection to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent, half-brother to William the Conqueror, who is described by Hasted as "a turbulent and ambitious prelate, who aimed at nothing less than the popedom." Later, in the reign of William Rufus, it was accounted "the strongest and most important castle of England." It was so important that Lambarde, in _A Perambulation of Kent_, says:--"It was much in the eie of such as were authors of troubles following within the realme, so that from time to time it had a part almost in every Tragedie."
Mr. Robert Collins, in his compact and useful _Visitors" Handbook of Rochester and Neighbourhood_, quoting from another ancient historian, says that "In 1264, King Henry III. [who in 1251 held a grand tournament in the Castle] "commanded that the Shyriffe of Kent do set aboute to finish and complete the great Tower which Gundulph had left imperfect.""
About 1463, Edward IV. repaired part of the Castle, after which it was allowed to fall into decay. The instructions to the "shyriffe" were no doubt necessary; for although 60 would probably go a great way in the time of Bishop Gundulph, the modern aesthetic builder would do very little indeed for that sum, towards the erection of such an impregnable fortress as Rochester Castle, the walls of which vary from eight to thirteen feet in thickness, whatever his progenitor may have done in 1077.
The Keep--the last resort of the garrison when all the outworks were taken--is considered so beautiful that it is selected, under the article "Castle" in the last edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, as an ill.u.s.tration of Norman architecture, showing "an embattled parapet often admitting of chambers and staircases being constructed," and showing also "embattled turrets carried one story higher than the parapet."
There is also a fine woodcut of the Castle at p. 198 of vol. v. of that work.
The Keep is seventy feet square and a hundred feet high, built of the native Kentish ragstone and Caen stone; and the adamantine mortar or cement used in its construction was made with sand, evidently procured at the seaside some distance from Rochester, for it contains remains of cardium, pecten, solen, and other marine sh.e.l.ls, which would not be found in river sand. Mr. Roach Smith suggested that probably the sand may have been procured from "c.o.c.kle-sh.e.l.l Hard," near Sheerness. He called our attention to the fact that in Norman mortar sand is predominant, and in Roman mortar lime or chalk.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Rochester Castle]
The roof and the chambers are gone,--the Keep remains as a mere sh.e.l.l,--and where bishops, kings, and barons came and went, flocks of the common domestic pigeon, in countless numbers, fly about and make their home and multiply. One almost regrets the freedom which these graceful birds possess, although to grudge freedom to a pigeon is like grudging sunshine to a flower. But though the damage to the walls is really trifling, as they will stand for centuries to come, still the litter and mess which the birds naturally make is considerable and unsightly, and decidedly out of keeping in such a magnificent ruin. The pigeons exhibit what takes place when a species becomes dominant to the exclusion of other species, as witness the pest of the rabbits in New Zealand. With profound respect to his Worship the Mayor and the Corporation of Rochester, to whom the Castle and grounds now belong, the writer of these lines, as a naturalist, ventures to suggest that the Castle should be left to the jackdaws, its natural and doubtless its original tenants, which, although of higher organization, have been driven out by superior numbers in the "struggle for existence," and for whom it is a much more appropriate habitat in keeping with all traditions; and further, that the said pigeons be forthwith made into pies for the use and behoof of the deserving poor of the ancient city of Rochester.
Mention has been made of the fact that the Castle and grounds are the property of the Corporation of Rochester. They were acquired by purchase in 1883 from the Earl of Jersey for 8,000, and the occasion was celebrated by great civic rejoicings.[6] The Corporation are not only to be congratulated on the wisdom of their purchase ("a thing of beauty is a joy for ever"), but also on the excellent manner in which the grounds are maintained--pigeons excepted. The gardens, with closely-cut lawns, abound with euonymus, laurustinus, bay, and other evergreens, together with many choice flowers. The single red, or Deptford pink (_Dianthus Armeria_), grows wild on the walls of the Castle. There is a tasteful statuette of her Majesty, under a Gothic canopy, near the entrance, which records her Jubilee in 1887. The inscriptions on three of the four corners are appropriately chosen from Lord Tennyson"s _Carmen Saeculare_:--
To commemorate the
=Jubilee of Queen Victoria=,
1887.
L. LEVY, MAYOR.
"Fifty years of ever-broadening commerce!"
"Fifty years of ever-brightening science!"
"Fifty years of ever-widening empire!"
There is free admission to the grounds through a handsome modern Norman gateway, but a trifling charge of a few pence is made for permission to enter the Keep, which has convenient steps ascending to the top. From the summit of the Keep, there are magnificent views of the valley of the river Medway, the adjacent hills, Rochester, Chatham, and the vicinity.
The Cathedral, Jasper"s Gatehouse, and Restoration House, are also noteworthy objects to the lover of d.i.c.kens. As Mr. Philips Bevan says, and as we verified, the views inside at midday, when the sun is streaming down, are "very peculiar and beautiful."
d.i.c.kens"s first and last great works are both a.s.sociated with the Castle, and it is referred to in several other of his writings. We can fancy, more than sixty years ago, the eager and enthusiastic Pickwickians, in company with their newly-made acquaintance, Mr. Alfred Jingle, seated outside the four-horse coach,--the "Commodore," driven possibly by "Old Chumley,"--dashing over old Rochester Bridge, to "the lively notes of the guard"s key-bugle," when the sight of the Castle first broke upon them.
""Magnificent ruin!" said Mr. Augustus Snodgra.s.s, with all the poetic fervour that distinguished him, when they came in sight of the fine old Castle.
""What a study for an antiquarian!" were the very words which fell from Mr. Pickwick"s mouth, as he applied his telescope to his eye.
""Ah, fine place!" said the stranger, "glorious pile--frowning walls--tottering arches--dark nooks--crumbling staircases--""
Little did poor Mr. Winkle think that within twenty-four hours _his_ feeling of admiration for Rochester Castle would be turned into astonishment, for does not the chronicle say that "if the upper tower of Rochester Castle had suddenly walked from its foundation and stationed itself opposite the coffee-room window [of the Bull Hotel], Mr. Winkle"s surprise would have been as nothing compared with the perfect astonishment with which he had heard this address" (referring of course to the insult to Dr. Slammer, and the challenge in the matter of the duel).
It was on the occasion of "a visit to the Castle" very soon afterwards that Mr. Winkle confided in, and sought the good offices of, his friend Mr. Snodgra.s.s, in the "affair of honour" which was to take place at "sunset, in a lonely field beyond Fort Pitt." Poor fellow! how eagerly he tried, under a mask of the most perfect candour, and how miserably he failed, to arouse the energies of his friend to avert the impending catastrophe.
[Ill.u.s.tration: INTERIOR OF ROCHESTER CASTLE]
""Snodgra.s.s," he said, stopping suddenly, "do _not_ let me be baulked in this matter--do _not_ give information to the local authorities--do _not_ obtain the a.s.sistance of several peace officers to take either me or Doctor Slammer of the 97th Regiment, at present quartered in Chatham Barracks, into custody, and thus prevent this duel;--I say, do _not_."
"Mr. Snodgra.s.s seized his friend"s hand as he enthusiastically replied, "Not for worlds!"
"A thrill pa.s.sed over Mr. Winkle"s frame, as the conviction that he had nothing to hope from his friend"s fears, and that he was destined to become an animated target, rushed forcibly upon him."
The state of the case having been formally explained to Mr. Snodgra.s.s, they make arrangements, hire "a case of satisfaction pistols, with the satisfactory accompaniments of powder, ball, and caps," and "the two friends returned to their inn." The next ground which they traversed together to pursue the subject was at Fort Pitt. We will follow them presently.
In _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_ there is no direct reference to the Castle itself, but the engraving of it, with the Cathedral in the background, after the pretty sketch by Mr. Luke Fildes, R.A., will ever be a.s.sociated with that beautiful fragment.
Another reference is contained in the preface to _Nicholas Nickleby_, where d.i.c.kens says:--"I cannot call to mind now how I came to hear about Yorkshire schools when I was a not very robust child, sitting in by-places near Rochester Castle, with a head full of "Partridge,"
"Strap," "Tom Pipes," and "Sancho Panza.""
A sympathetic notice of the Castle is also contained in the _Seven Poor Travellers_. It begins:--
"Sooth to say, he [Time] did an active stroke of work in Rochester in the old days of the Romans, and the Saxons, and the Normans, and down to the times of King John, when the rugged Castle--I will not undertake to say how many hundreds of years old then--was abandoned to the centuries of weather which have so defaced the dark apertures in its walls, that the ruin looks as if the rooks and daws had picked its eyes out."
And this, the most touching reference of all, occurs in "One Man in a Dockyard," contributed by d.i.c.kens[7] to _Household Words_ in 1851:--
"There was Rochester Castle, to begin with. I surveyed the ma.s.sive ruin from the Bridge, and thought what a brief little practical joke I seemed to be, in comparison with its solidity, stature, strength, and length of life. I went inside; and, standing in the solemn shadow of its walls, looking up at the blue sky, its only remaining roof, (to the disturbance of the crows and jackdaws who garrison the venerable fortress now,) calculated how much wall of that thickness I, or any other man, could build in his whole life,--say from eight years old to eighty,--and what a ridiculous result would be produced. I climbed the rugged staircase, stopping now and then to peep at great holes where the rafters and floors were once,--bare as toothless gums now,--or to enjoy glimpses of the Medway through dreary apertures like sockets without eyes; and, looking from the Castle ramparts on the Old Cathedral, and on the crumbling remains of the old Priory, and on the row of staid old red-brick houses where the Cathedral dignitaries live, and on the shrunken fragments of one of the old City gates, and on the old trees with their high tops below me, felt quite apologetic to the scene in general for my own juvenility and insignificance. One of the river boatmen had told me on the bridge, (as country folks do tell of such places,) that in the old times, when those buildings were in progress, a labourer"s wages "were a penny a day, and enough too." Even as a solitary penny was to their whole cost, it appeared to me, was the utmost strength and exertion of one man towards the labour of their erection."
d.i.c.kens always took his friends to the Keep of Rochester Castle. He naturally considered it as one of the sights of the old city. It was equally attractive to his friends, for a curious adventure is recorded in Forster"s _Life_, in connection with a visit which the poet Longfellow made there in 1842, and which he recollected a quarter of a century afterwards, and recounted to Forster during a second visit, together with a curious experience in the slums of London with d.i.c.kens.
The first of these adventures is thus described by Forster:--"One of them was a day at Rochester, when, met by one of those prohibitions which are the wonder of visitors and the shame of Englishmen, we overleapt gates and barriers, and setting at defiance repeated threats of all the terrors of law, coa.r.s.ely expressed to us by the custodian of the place, explored minutely the castle ruins." Happily such a circ.u.mstance could not now take place, for, by the present excellent regulations of the Corporation of the city of Rochester, every visitor can explore the Castle and grounds to his heart"s content.
On arriving at either railway station, Strood or Rochester Bridge, the Castle is the first object to claim attention. Our attention is constantly directed to it during our stay in the pleasant city; it is a landmark when we are on the tramp; and it is the last object to fade from our view as we regretfully take our departure.
My fellow-tramp favours me with the following note:--
THE DEDICATION OF ROCHESTER CASTLE TO THE PUBLIC.