In 1787-1788 the Chugach Gulf presented a strange appearance to the natives, not yet familiar with the presence of ships. Englishmen under different flags, Russians and Spaniards, were sailing to all parts of the gulf, taking possession in the names of different nations of all the harbors and islands.
In Voskressenski Harbor--now known as Resurrection Bay, where the new railroad town of Seward is situated--the first ship ever built in Alaska was launched by Baranoff, in 1794. It was christened the _Phoenix_, and was followed by many others.
Preparations for ship-building were begun in the winter of 1791.
Suitable buildings, storehouses, and quarters for the men were erected.
There were no large saws, and planks were hewn out of whole logs. The iron required was collected from wrecks in all parts of the colonies; steel for axes was procured in the same way. Having no tar, Baranoff used a mixture of spruce gum and oil.
Provisions were scarce, and no time was allowed for hunting or fishing.
So severe were the hardships endured that no one but Baranoff could have kept up his courage and that of his suffering men, and cheered them on to final success.
The _Phoenix_--which was probably named for an English ship which had visited the Chugach Gulf in 1792--was built of spruce timber, and was seventy-three feet long. It was provided with two decks and three masts.
The calking above the water-line was of moss. The sails were composed of fragments of canvas gathered from all parts of the colonies.
On her first voyage to Kadiak, the _Phoenix_ encountered a storm which brought disaster to her frail rigging; and instead of sailing proudly into harbor, as Baranoff had hoped, she was ignominiously towed in.
But she was the first vessel built in the colonies to enter that harbor in any fashion, and the Russian joy was great. The event was celebrated by solemn Ma.s.s, followed by high eating and higher drinking.
The _Phoenix_ was refitted and rerigged and sent out on her triumphal voyage to Okhotsk. There she arrived safely and proudly. She was received with volleys of artillery, the ringing of bells, the celebration of Ma.s.s, and great and joyous feasting.
A cabin and deck houses were added, the vessel was painted, and from that time until her loss in the Alaskan Gulf, the _Phoenix_ regularly plied the waters of Behring Sea and the North Pacific Ocean between Okhotsk and the Russian colonies in America.
CHAPTER XXII
Ellamar is a small town on Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, at the entrance to Puerto de Valdes, or Valdez Narrows. It is very prettily situated on a gently rising hill.
It has a population of five or six hundred, and is the home of the Ellamar Mining Company. Here are the headquarters of a group of copper properties known as the Gladdaugh mines.
One of the mines extends under the sea, whose waves wash the buildings.
It has been a large and regular shipper for several years. In 1903 forty thousand tons of ore were shipped to the Tacoma smelter, and shipments have steadily increased with every year since.
The mine is practically a solid ma.s.s of iron and copper pyrites. It has a width of more than one hundred and twenty-five feet where exposed, and extends along the strike for a known distance of more than three hundred feet.
The vast quant.i.ties of gold found in Alaska have, up to the present time, kept the other rich mineral products of the country in the background. Copper is, at last, coming into her own. The year of 1907 brought forth tremendous developments in copper properties. The Guggenheim-Morgan-Rockefeller syndicate has kept experts in every known, or suspected, copper district of the North during the last two years.
Cordova, the sea terminus of the new railroad, is in the very heart of one of the richest copper districts. The holdings of this syndicate are already immense and cover every district. The railroad will run to the Yukon, with branches extending into every rich region.
Other heavily financed companies are preparing to rival the Guggenheims, and individual miners will work their claims this year. Experts predict that within a decade Alaska will become one of the greatest copper-producing countries of the world. In the Copper River country alone, north of Valdez, there is more copper, according to expert reports, than Montana or Michigan ever has produced, or ever will produce.
The Ketchikan district is also remarkably rich. At Niblack Anchorage, on Prince of Wales Island, the ore carries five per cent of copper, and the mines are most favorably located on tide-water.
Native copper, a.s.sociated with gold, has been found on Turnagain Arm, in the country tributary to the Alaska Central Railway.
A half interest in the Bonanza, a copper mine on the western side of La Touche Island, Prince William Sound, was sold last year for more than a million dollars. This mine is not fully developed, but is considered one of the best in Alaska. It has an elevation of two hundred feet. Several tunnels have been driven, and the ore taken out runs high in copper, gold, and silver. One shipment of one thousand two hundred and thirty-five pounds gave net returns of fifty dollars to the ton, after deducting freight to Tacoma, smelting, refining, and an allowance of ninety-five per cent for the silver valuation. A sample taken along one tunnel for sixty feet gave an a.s.say of over nine per cent copper, with one and a quarter ounces of silver.
The Bonanza was purchased in 1900 by Messrs. Beatson and Robertson for seventy-two thousand dollars. There is a good wharf and a tramway line to the mine.
Adjoining the Bonanza on the north is a group of eleven claims owned by Messrs. Esterly, Meenach, and Keyes, which are in course of development.
There are many other rich claims on this island, on Knight"s, and on others in the sound. Timber is abundant, the water power is excellent, and ore is easily shipped.
There is an Indian village two or three miles from Ellamar. It is the village of Tat.i.tlik, the only one now remaining on the sound, so rapidly are the natives vanishing under the evil influence of civilization. Ten years ago there were nine hundred natives in the various villages on the sh.o.r.es of the sound; while now there are not more than two hundred, at the most generous calculation.
White men prospecting and fishing in the vicinity of the village supply them with liquor. When a sufficient quant.i.ty can be purchased, the entire village, men and women, indulges in a prolonged and horrible debauch which frequently lasts for several weeks.
The death rate at Tat.i.tlik is very heavy,--more than a hundred natives having died during 1907.
Pa.s.sengers have time to visit this village while the steamer loads ore at Ellamar.
The loading of ore, by the way, is a new experience. A steamer on which I was travelling once landed at Ellamar during the night.
We were rudely awakened from our dreams by a sound which Lieutenant Whidbey would have called "most stupendously dreadful." We thought that the whole bottom of the ship must have been knocked off by striking a reef, and we reached the floor simultaneously.
I have no notion how my own eyes looked, but my friend"s eyes were as large and expressive as bread-and-b.u.t.ter plates.
"We are going down!" she exclaimed, with tragic brevity.
At that instant the dreadful sound was repeated. We were convinced that the ship was being pounded to pieces under us upon rocks. Without speech we began dressing with that haste that makes fingers become thumbs.
But suddenly a tap came upon our door, and the watchman"s voice spoke outside.
"Ladies, we are at Ellamar."
"At Ellamar!"
"Yes. You asked to be called if it wasn"t midnight when we landed."
"But what is that _awful_ noise, watchman?"
"Oh, we"re loading ore," he answered cheerfully, and walked away.
All that night and part of the next day tons upon tons of ore thundered into the hold. We could not sleep, we could not talk; we could only think; and the things we thought shall never be told, nor shall wild horses drag them from us.
We dressed, in desperation, and went up to "the store"; sat upon high stools, ate stale peppermint candy, and listened to "Uncle Josh" telling his parrot story through the phonograph.
Somehow, between the ship and the store, we got ourselves through the night and the early morning hours. After breakfast we found the green and flowery slopes back of the town charming; and a walk of three miles along the sh.o.r.e to the Indian village made us forget the ore for a few hours. But to this day, when I read that an Alaskan ship has brought down hundreds of tons of ore to the Tacoma smelter, my heart goes out silently to the pa.s.sengers who were on that ship when the ore was loaded.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Copyright by E. A. Hegg, Juneau
Courtesy of Webster & Stevens, Seattle
GRAND CANYON OF THE YUKON]
CHAPTER XXIII