A YUKON SNOW SCENE NEAR WHITE HORSE]
During the spring of 1908 the Alaska-coal land situation was discouraging. A great area of rich coal-bearing land had been withdrawn from entry, because of the amazing presumption of the interior department that the removal of prohibitive restrictions upon entrymen would encourage the formation of monopolies in the mining and marketing of coal.
Secretary Garfield at first inclined strongly to the opinion that the Alaska coal lands should be held by the government for leasing purposes, and that there should be a separate reservation for the navy; and he has not entirely abandoned this opinion.
The withdrawal of the coal lands from entry caused the Copper River and Northwestern Railway Company to discontinue all work on the Katalla branch of the road; nor will it resume until the question of t.i.tle to the coal lands is settled and the lands themselves admitted to entry.
The fear of monopolies, which is making the interior department uneasy, is said to have arisen from the fact that it has been absolutely necessary for several entrymen in a coal region to a.s.sociate themselves together and combine their claims, on account of the enormous expense of opening and operating mines in that country. The surveys alone, which, in accordance with an act pa.s.sed in 1904, must be borne by the entryman, although this burden is not imposed upon entrymen in the states, are so expensive, particularly in the Behring coal-fields near Katalla, that an entryman cannot bear it alone; while the expense of getting provisions and tools from salt-water into the interior is simply prohibitive to most locators, unless they can combine and divide the expense.
These early discoverers and locators acted in good faith. The lands were entered as coal lands; there was no fraud and no attempt at fraud; not one person sought to take up coal land as homestead, nor with scrip, nor in any fraudulent manner.
There was some carelessness in the observance of new rules and regulations, but there was excuse for this in the fact that Alaska is far from Congress and news travels slowly; also, it has been the belief of Alaskans that when a man, after the infinite labor and deprivation necessary to successful prospecting in Alaska, has found anything of value on the public domain, he could appropriate it with the surety that his right thereto would be recognized and respected; and that any slight mistakes that might be made technically would be condoned, provided that they were honest ones and not made with the intent to defraud the government.
The oldest coal mine in Alaska is located just within the entrance to Cook Inlet, on the western sh.o.r.e, at Coal Harbor. There, in the early fifties, the Russians began extensive operations, importing experienced German miners to direct a large force of Muscovite laborers sent from Sitka, and running their machinery by steam.
Shafts were sunk, and a drift run into the vein for a distance of one thousand seven hundred feet. During a period of three years two thousand seven hundred tons of coal were mined, but the result was a loss to the enterprising Russians.
Its extent was practically unlimited, but the quality was found to be too poor for the use of steamers.
It is only within the past three years that the fine quality of much of the coal found in Alaska has been made known by government experts.
It was inconceivable that Congress should hesitate to enact such laws as would help to develop Alaska; yet it was not until late in the spring that bills were pa.s.sed which greatly relieved the situation and insured the building of the road upon which the future of this district depends.
CHAPTER XXVIII
Cook Inlet is so sheltered and is favored by a climate so agreeable that it was called "Summer-land" by the Russians.
Across Kachemak Bay from Seldovia is Homer--another town of the inlet blessed with a poetic name. When I landed at its wharf, in 1905, it was the saddest, sweetest place in Alaska. It was but the touching phantom of a town.
We reached it at sunset of a June day.
A low, green, narrow spit runs for several miles out into the waters of the inlet, bordered by a gravelly beach. Here is a railroad running eight miles to the Cook Inlet coal-fields, a telephone line, roundhouses, machine-shops, engines and cars, a good wharf, some of the best store buildings and residences in Alaska,--all painted white with soft red roofs, and all deserted!
On this low and lovely spit, fronting the divinely blue sea and the full glory of the sunset, there was only one human being, the postmaster.
When the little _Dora_ swung lightly into the wharf, this poor lonely soul showed a pitiable and pathetic joy at this fleeting touch of companionship. We all went ash.o.r.e and shook hands with him and talked to him. Then we returned to our cabins and carried him a share of all our daintiest luxuries.
When, after fifteen or twenty minutes, the _Dora_ withdrew slowly into the great Safrano rose of the sunset, leaving him, a lonely, gray figure, on the wharf, the look on his face made us turn away, so that we could not see one another"s eyes.
It was like the look of a dog who stands helpless, lonely, and cannot follow.
I have never been able to forget that man. He was so gentle, so simple, so genuinely pleased and grateful--and so lonely!
As I write, Homer is once more a town, instead of a phantom. I no longer picture him alone in those empty, echoing, red-roofed buildings; but one of my most vivid and tormenting memories of Alaska is of a gray figure, with a little pathetic stoop, going up the path from the wharf, in the splendor of that June sunset, with his dog at his side.
The Act of 1902, commonly known as the Alaska Game Law, defines game, fixes open seasons, restricts the number which may be killed, declares certain methods of hunting unlawful, prohibits the sale of hides, skins, or heads at any time, and prohibits export of game animals, or birds--except for scientific purposes, for propagation, or for trophies--under restrictions prescribed by the Department of Agriculture. The law also authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture, when such action shall be necessary, to place further restrictions on killing in certain regions. The importance of this provision is already apparent. Owing to the fact that nearly all persons who go to Alaska to kill big game visit a few easily accessible localities--notably Kadiak Island, the Kenai Peninsula, and the vicinity of Cook Inlet--it has become necessary to protect the game of these localities by special regulations, in order to prevent its speedy destruction.
The object of the act is to protect the game of the territory so far as possible from the mere "killer," but without causing unnecessary hardship. Therefore, Indians, Eskimos, miners, or explorers actually in need of food, are permitted to kill game for their immediate use. The exception in favor of natives, miners, and explorers must be construed strictly. It must not be used merely as a pretext to kill game out of season, for sport or for market, or to supply canneries or settlements; and, under no circ.u.mstances, can the hides or heads of animals thus killed be lawfully offered for sale.
Every person who has travelled in Alaska knows that these laws are violated daily. An amusing incident occurred on the _Dora_, on the first morning "to Westward" from Seward. Far be it from me to eat anything that is forbidden; but I had _seen_ fried moose steak in Seward. It resembles slices of pure beef tenderloin, fried.
It chanced that at our first breakfast on the _Dora_ I found fried beef tenderloin on the bill of fare, and ordered it. Scarcely had I been served when in came the gentleman from Boston, who, through his alert and insatiable curiosity concerning all things Alaskan and his keen desire to experience every possible Alaskan sensation,--all with the greatest navete and good humor,--had endeared himself to us all on our long journey together.
"What"s that?" asked he, briskly, scenting a new experience on my plate.
"Moose," said I, sweetly.
"Moose--_moose!_" cried he, excitedly, seizing his bill of fare. "I"ll have some. Where is it? I don"t see it!"
"Hush-h-h," said I, sternly. "It is not on the bill of fare. It is out of season."
"Then how shall I get it?" he cried, anxiously. "I must have some."
"Tell the waiter to bring you the same that he brought me."
When the dear, gentle j.a.panese, "Charlie," came to serve him, he shamelessly pointed at my plate.
"I"ll have some of that," said he, mysteriously.
Charlie bowed, smiled like a seraph, and withdrew, to return presently with a piece of beef tenderloin.
The gentleman from Boston fairly pounced upon it. We all watched him expectantly. His expression changed from antic.i.p.ation to satisfaction, delight, rapture.
"That"s the most delicious thing I ever ate," he burst forth, presently.
"Do you think so?" said I. "Really, I was disappointed. It tastes very much like beefsteak to me."
"Beefsteak!" said he, scornfully. "It tastes no more like beefsteak than pie tastes like cabbage! What a pity to waste it on one who cannot appreciate its delicate wild flavor!"
Months afterward he sent me a marked copy of a Boston newspaper, in which he had written enthusiastically of the "rare, wild flavor, haunting as a poet"s dream," of the moose which he had eaten on the _Dora_.
In addition to the animals commonly regarded as game, walrus and brown bear are protected; but existing laws relating to the fur-seal, sea-otter, or other fur-bearing animals are not affected. The act creates no close season for black bear, and contains no prohibition against the sale or shipment of their skins or heads; but those of brown bear may be shipped only in accordance with regulations.
The Act of 1908 amends the former act as follows:--
It is unlawful for any person in Alaska to kill any wild game, animals, or birds, except during the following seasons: north of lat.i.tude sixty-two degrees, brown bear may be killed at any time; moose, caribou, sheep, walrus and sea-lions, from August 1 to December 10, inclusive; south of lat.i.tude sixty-two degrees, moose, caribou, and mountain sheep, from August 20 to December 31, inclusive; brown bear, from October 1 to July 1, inclusive; deer and mountain goats, from August 1 to February 1, inclusive; grouse, ptarmigan, sh.o.r.e birds, and water fowl, from September 1 to March 1, inclusive.
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized, whenever he may deem it necessary for the preservation of game animals or birds, to make and publish rules and regulations which shall modify the close seasons established, or to provide different close seasons for different parts of Alaska, or to place further limitations and restrictions on the killing of such animals or birds in any given locality, or to prohibit killing entirely for a period not exceeding two years in such locality.
It is unlawful for any person at any time to kill any females or yearlings of moose, or for any one person to kill in one year more than the number specified of each of the following game animals: Two moose, one walrus or sea-lion, three caribou; sheep, or large brown bear; or to kill or have in his possession in any one day more than twenty-five grouse or ptarmigan, or twenty-five sh.o.r.e birds or water fowl.
The killing of caribou on the Kenai Peninsula is prohibited until August 20, 1912.