A vital thing to be maintained and extended is the Protestant faith which formed the basis of our colonial and national life. No part of the subject should receive more careful scrutiny than the effect of immigration upon Protestant America. Whatever would make this country less distinctively Protestant in religion tends to destroy all the other social and civil characteristics which, it is well said, we wish to preserve.
[Sidenote: American Life Changing]
When immigration began in the early years of the nineteenth century, the American people possessed a distinctive life and character of their own, differing in many respects from that of any other people. The easy amalgamation of the races that formed the colonial stock--English, Huguenot, Scotch, Dutch--had produced an American stock distinct from any in the Old World. The nation was practically h.o.m.ogeneous, and its social, religious, and political ideals and aims were distinct. That great changes have taken place in the past century no one will deny. The material expansion and development have not been more marked than the changes social and religious.
[Sidenote: Influence of Immigration]
Just what part immigration has played in producing these changes it is of course difficult to say with exactness, but unquestionably the part has been very great. The twenty-three millions of aliens admitted into the United States since 1820 brought their habits and customs and standards of living with them; brought also their religion or want of it; and it would be absurd to imagine that all of these millions had been Americanized, or, in other words, had given up their old ways for our ways of thinking and living. On the contrary, they have transported all sorts of political notions from monarchial countries to our soil.
"The continental ideas of the Sabbath, the nihilist"s ideas of government, the communist"s ideas of property, the pagan"s ideas of religion--all these mingle in our air with the ideas that shaped the men at Plymouth Rock and Valley Forge," that adorned hill, dale and prairie with Christian church and Christian school, and made possible the building of free America.
[Sidenote: The Grade of the Aliens]
As we have seen, the immigrants have mostly represented the peasant or lower cla.s.ses of the countries whence they came. This is noted, not in the way of prejudice, but because it is always true that mortality is greater, and crime, illiteracy, and pauperism are more prevalent among the lower cla.s.ses. Of course it is also true that if the higher cla.s.ses had come from foreign lands they would have made an addition to the social life quite different from that which did come. The average character of the immigration, however favorable, required raising in order to meet the American level. In the new environment it was to be expected that large numbers of individuals among the immigrants would rise to prominence and influence, and this has been the case. The country owes large debt to the immigrants of earlier days. Their children and descendants are loyal Americans. It is true, on the other hand, that many have come from unfortunate conditions in the Old World only to fall into quite as unfortunate ones in the New; and they and their descendants have swollen the pauper and criminal cla.s.s. The statistics prove that a large proportion of our criminals and convicts are of foreign birth. It is still more significant to note that, in the opinion of expert observers, the first generation of foreign-born parentage, in the cities at least, make a worse record than the migrating parents.
[Sidenote: Bad Effects of New Environments]
If this be so, the new environment is producing deterioration and degeneracy instead of improvement. An Italian of education, working among his people, told the writer that the Italian boys and girls born here, or coming at a very early age, were much more lawless and disorderly and difficult to deal with than their fathers and mothers.
They had imbibed all the worst features of our life, its independence, its defiance of parental authority, its selfishness, rudeness, and vices, while they lacked the reverence, courtesy, and spirit of obedience native to the Italian-born. This is substantiated by many witnesses who have labored among the foreign element. The Americanization these children are getting is largely of the worst type--the type that we should like to see emigrate to European countries. And it is confined to no one race, but common to all.
Professor Boyesen, for instance, a Norwegian-American, who blamed the ideas gained in the public schools for some of the results seen in the young hoodlums and roughs of foreign parentage, said that worthy German and Scandinavian fathers complained bitterly that they could not govern their children in this country. Their sons took to the streets, and if disciplined left home entirely; and they attributed this to the spirit of irresponsible independence in the air. This is perhaps one of the inevitable penalties of individual liberty.
_III. Various Effects of Immigration_
[Sidenote: Making Life too Cheap]
The introduction through immigration of a lower standard of living has been shown in preceding chapters. The point to be appreciated is that in this matter we are not dealing with the immigration of individual paupers and cheap workingmen, but with the influx of whole cla.s.ses that threaten to degrade our material civilization. There are in America entire communities which live on a different plane, and form colonies as foreign to American ideas and life as anything in Europe can show.
They have organized their own social life and fixed their own standards, instead of rising to ours. The results are plain all over the country.
Immigration has cheapened more than wages in certain lines, it has cheapened life, until the coal barons could say, "It is cheaper to store men than coal." But men may be too cheap.
[Sidenote: Good Qualities Bad if Abused]
Some of the best qualities in the immigrants are liable to abuse.
Thrift, for instance, is commendable, but not when it is exercised at the expense of decent living. Economy is an admirable trait, but not when practiced at the expense of manhood and decent conditions. A distinct deterioration of the ma.s.ses displaced by the cheaper labor has marked the advent of the new immigration. While some of the workingmen thrown out of employment by immigration rise with the increase in the number of superior positions, the great ma.s.s are obliged to accept the lower standard or are forced out of the industry into misery, pauperism, and crime. The greater tendency of immigrants, by reason of their poverty, to permit or encourage the employment of their wives or children, still further increases the intensity of the compet.i.tion for employment. In view of all the facts, a recent writer argues that the limitation or restriction which would reduce the volume and improve the economic quality of immigration would greatly improve labor conditions in this country.
[Sidenote: Deterioration a Result of too Large Immigration]
Under the present free inflow, says this writer, "the condition of the great ma.s.s of the working cla.s.ses of this country is being permanently depressed, and the difference between the industrial condition of the unskilled workers in our country and of other countries is being steadily lessened to our permanent and great detriment."[80]
[Sidenote: False Reasoning]
As to the economic effects of unrestricted immigration, the stock argument that it costs a foreign country a thousand dollars to raise a man, and that, therefore, every immigrant is that much clear money gain to this country, simply begs the question of the usefulness of the immigrant and the country"s need of him. Many immigrants are not worth what it cost to raise them, to their native land or any other; and at any rate, a man is only of value where he can fit into the community life and do something it needs to have done. Another nave claim is that every mouth that comes into the country brings with it two hands, the a.s.sumption being that there is necessarily work for the two hands. If not, then there is an extra mouth to be fed at somebody else"s expense.
The real question is one of demand and quality.
[Sidenote: Effects upon Education]
What effect has immigration had, and what is it likely to have, upon our national educational policy? The parochial school is opposed to the public school; the parochial school is Roman, the public school American. The parochial schools could not secure scholars but for immigration. The Roman Catholic Church is persistently trying to get appropriations of public money for parochial schools, although well aware that this is directly contrary to the fundamental American principle of absolute separation of Church and State; and is relying upon the foreign vote to accomplish this un-American purpose. Here is an ill.u.s.tration of the conditions made possible through unchecked immigration and the wielding of this immigration by priestly influence:
[Sidenote: Baneful Results in Illinois]
In Illinois the foreign element outnumbers the native in voting power.
In consequence compulsory education in the public schools of that state was voted down by a legislature pledged to obey the dictum of the foreign element. Where the priests wield the foreign element in favor of the parochial schools, it is not possible to pa.s.s a bill for compulsory education in the English language.
[Sidenote: Parochial Schools in Pennsylvania]
The striking fact is given by Dr. Warne[81] that in parochial schools for the Slav children in Pennsylvania, English is not taught, and the children are growing up as thoroughly foreign and under priestly control as though they were in Bohemia or Galicia.
[Sidenote: A Real Menace to the Republic]
A student of this subject[82] says that all the facts indicate that the time will come when, if compulsory education in English is not maintained by the states, this important matter will have to be made one of national legislation. "The supine bowing of the native element in our political parties to this foreign, domineering, un-American and denationalizing opposition to the state control of the education of the child for citizenship is in itself a menace. When we hear of public schools in America taught in German and Polish, instead of the language of Emerson and Longfellow, Lincoln and Grant, one feels like taking, not Diogenes" lantern, but an Edison searchlight, and going about our streets to see if there be in all our cities a patriot." More evil in results than this, and most insidious of all the attempts of the Roman Catholic hierarchy to undermine American principles, is the system of so-called compromise by which some of the public schools are taught by nuns, sisters, and priests, who wear their Church garb, and use the school buildings during certain hours for sectarian instruction. The mere statement of the facts ought to be sufficient to bring about drastic remedies, but the easy-going Protestants apparently do not realize what is being done.
[Sidenote: Schools the Sure Way to Americanism]
American patriotism must steadily and resolutely resist every Roman Catholic attack, open or covert, upon our public schools, every attempt to divert public moneys to sectarian purposes. This is vital to the preservation of our civil and religious liberty. For the immigrant children the public schools are the sluiceways into Americanism. When the stream of alien childhood flows through them, it will issue into the reservoirs of national life with the Old World taints filtered out, and the qualities retained that make for loyalty and good citizenship. We shall have to look to our school boards, elevate them above party politics and the reach of graft, and elect upon them men and women instinct with the spirit of true Americanism, or see this mightiest agency of modern civilization diverted from its high mission to produce for the Republic an enlightened and n.o.ble manhood and womanhood.
[Sidenote: Effects upon Political Conditions]
What is the effect of the addition of so many thousands of men of voting age upon our political conditions? Undoubtedly demoralizing and dangerous. Professor Mayo-Smith says: "We are thus conferring the privilege of citizenship, including the right to vote, without any test of the man"s fitness for it. The German vote in many localities controls the action of political leaders on the liquor question, oftentimes in opposition to the sentiment of the native community. The bad influence of a purely ignorant vote is seen in the degradation of our munic.i.p.al administrations in America."[83] The foreign-born congregate in the large cities, especially the ma.s.s of unskilled laborers. There they easily come under control of leaders of their own race, who use them to further selfish ends. Fraudulent naturalization is another evil result.
There is no more dangerous element in the Republic than a foreign vote, wielded by unscrupulous partisans and grafters. The immigrant is not so much to blame as are those who corrupt him, but if he were not here they would have no opportunity. In order to wield a bludgeon a bully must have the bludgeon.
[Sidenote: A Voter Should be Able to Read his Ballot]
There is an unquestioned and increasing evil and peril in a German vote, an Irish vote, a Scandinavian vote, an Italian vote, and a Hebrew vote.
Out in South Dakota a Russian vote also has to be reckoned with, and in New England a French-Canadian vote. All this is undemocratic and unwholesome in the highest degree. Our government is based upon the intelligent and responsible use of the ballot. How can such use be possible in the case of the naturalized alien who cannot read or write our language or any other? No one can declare it unreasonable that a reading test as a qualification for voting should be required of all. On the brighter side of the political phase, it is a.s.serted that it was the foreign element of the East Side in New York that made possible the election of a reform candidate in a recent election, and that this element can be relied upon for reform and independent voting quite as much as the American society element, which is frequently too indifferent to vote at all. There is too much truth in this. At the same time, one who is familiar with the discussions at the People"s Forum in Cooper Inst.i.tute, New York, or similar meeting places of the foreign element in other large cities, knows how essentially un-American are the point of view and the theories most advocated.
_IV. The Religious Problem_
[Sidenote: Effects upon Religious Conditions]
What is the effect of immigration upon the religious life of the country? This is an exceedingly difficult matter upon which to generalize. There is no doubt that great changes have taken place in the religious views and practices of the people, but how far these can be attributed to foreign influence is something upon which agreement will be rare and judgment difficult. It will be instructive, first of all, to study this table, which gives the results of questions asked the immigrants in 1900 concerning their religious connections. This was the last inquiry of the kind officially made, and will indicate what religious elements in immigration must be taken into consideration:
RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE IMMIGRATION FOR 1900
------------------------------------------------------- |Total | | Protestants Countries | | | Roman Catholics | | | |Greek Catholics ------------------------------------------------------- Austria-Hungary|64,835 | 5,009 | 39,694| 7,699 Belgium | 1,728 | 94 | 967| 2 Denmark | 3,253 | 2,629 | 44| -- France | 4,902 | 165 | 1,736| 3 German Empire |25,904 |10,258 | 6,758| 18 Greece | 2,450 | 14 | 14| 2,350 Italy |79,664 | 50 | 78,306| 26 Netherlands | 1,994 | 839 | 190| -- Norway | 7,113 | 6,674 | 2| -- Portugal | 2,269 | 2 | 2,056| -- Roumania | 1,655 | 160 | 60| 31 Russian Empire | | | | and Finland |62,537 |13,295 | 22,462| 1,470 Servia, | | | | Bulgaria | 59 | -- | 4| 47 Spain | 1,428 | 15 | 704| -- Sweden |13,541 |12,708 | 9| -- Switzerland | 2,294 | 710 | 608| 7 Turkey in | | | | Europe | 137 | 5 | 5| 33 United Kingdom |65,390 | 12,611| 31,216| 4 Not specified | 8 | --| -- | 5 Total Europe |341,161| 65,238|184,835|11,695 Total Asia | 9,726| 452| 1,390| 2,833 Africa | 109| 13| 9| -- All other | | | | countries | 10,440| 1,274| 2,178| 11 --------------------------------- Grand Total[84] |361,436| 66,977|188,412|14,539 --------------------------------- Percentage in | | | | each religion| 100| 18.54| 52.14| 4.03 -------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- |Israelites | | Brahmans Countries | | | Mohammedans | | | |Miscellaneous -------------------------------------------------------- Austria-Hungary |11,082 | -- | -- | 1,351 Belgium | 4 | -- | -- | 661 Denmark | 2 | -- | -- | 578 France | 12 | -- | 2 | 2,984 German Empire | 401 | -- | -- | 8,469 Greece | -- | -- | -- | 72 Italy | 1 | -- | -- | 1,281 Netherlands | 8 | -- | -- | 957 Norway | -- | -- | -- | 437 Portugal | -- | -- | -- | 211 Roumania | 1,350 | -- | -- | 54 Russian Empire | | | | and Finland |24,351 | -- | 1 | 958 Servia, | | | | Bulgaria | 1 | -- | -- | 7 Spain | -- | -- | -- | 709 Sweden | -- | -- | -- | 824 Switzerland | 6 | -- | -- | 963 Turkey in | | | | Europe | 27 | -- | 13 | 54 United Kingdom | 197 | -- | 1 | 21,361 Not specified | -- | -- | -- | 3 Total Europe | 37,442| -- | 17 | 41,934 Total Asia | 48| 3,373| 77 | 1,553 Africa | 5| -- | 16 | 66 All other | | | | countries | 28| 228| -- | 6,721 --------------------------------- Grand Total[84] | 37,523| 3,601| 110| 50,274 --------------------------------- Percentage in | | | | each religion | 10.39| .99| -- | 13.91 -------------------------------------------------------
[Sidenote: Eighty Per Cent. Non-Protestant]
In a.n.a.lyzing these figures, it will be noted that the Roman Catholics had fifty-two per cent. in a year when the total immigration of 361,436 (not much over one third that of the present time) was about the same in the proportion of aliens from southeastern Europe as now. The Jews would make a larger showing at present, as the immigrants from Russia are almost wholly Jews. The Protestant strength certainly would not be any greater proportionately. The large number put down as miscellaneous is significant. What a task is laid upon American Protestantism--nothing less than the evangelization of nearly eighty-two per cent. of the vast immigration. It is easy to say that the fifty-two per cent. is nominally Christian, but in fact that nominal Christianity is in many respects as much out of sympathy with American religious ideals, with democracy and the pure gospel, as is heathenism; and it is in many cases as difficult to reach, and as great an obstacle to the a.s.similation of the aliens.
[Sidenote: Sunday Observance]
Looking at various results of this incoming host, in regard to reverence for Sunday and observance of it, it is fair to a.s.sume that the millions of Germans, with their continental Sunday, were leaders in breaking in upon our Sunday customs. While they have as a people observed the laws--although seeking to have the laws changed so as to permit here the home customs of open concert halls and beer gardens on Sunday afternoon and evening--their influence has been strongly felt in favor of loose Sunday observance, and this has been sufficient to stimulate the natural tendency of the American element to make the day one of amus.e.m.e.nt and recreation, regardless of laws. The result is that now we have a lawless American Sunday quite different from and more objectionable than the continental Sunday.
[Sidenote: Disregard of Law]