The hungry great Antarctic wind comes swooping down. The _Victoria_ lays over to it, her forefoot slashing, her lee side hissing, the windward rigging strained and screaming, and every st.i.tch of canvas drawing full. Still the skipper carries on. He and his vessel have a name to keep up; and he has carried on till all was blue ere this, and left more than one steam kettle panting. Every timber, plank, mast, yard, and tackle wakes to new life and thrills in response to the sails. She answers her helm quickly, eagerly. She rides the galloping waters now as you ride her. And as she rises to each fresh wave you also rise, with the same exultant spring, and take the leap in your stride.
The wind pipes up: a regular gale is evidently brewing; and most of the canvas must come off her now or else she"ll soon be stripped of it.
"Stand by your royal halliards!" yells the second mate. "Let go your royal halliards!" The royals are down for good. The skysails have been taken in before. Another {121} tremendous blast lays her far over, and the sea is a lather of foam to windward. The skipper comes on deck, takes a quick look round, and shouts at the full pitch of his lungs: "All hands shorten sail!" Up come the other watch in their oilskins, which they have carefully lashed round their wrists and above their knees to keep the water out. Taking in sail is no easy matter now. Every one tails on, puts his back into it, and joins the chorus of the hard-breathed chanty. The human voices sound like fitful screams of seabirds, heard in wild s.n.a.t.c.hes between the volleying gusts; while overhead the sails are booming like artillery, as the spilling lines strain to get the grip. "Now then, starboard watch, up with your sail and give the larboard watch a dressing down!" _Yo--ho_!
_Yo--hay_! _Yo--ho--oh_! Up she goes! A hiss, a crash, a deafening thud, and a gigantic wave curls overhead and batters down the toiling men, who hang on for their lives and struggle for a foothold. "Up with you!" yells the mate, directly the tangled coil of yellow-clad humanity emerges like a half-drowned rat, "Up with you, boys, and give her h.e.l.l!" _Yo--ho_! _To--hay_! _Yo--ho--harrhh_! "Turn that!" "All fast, sir!" "Aloft and roll her up! Now then, starbowlines, show {122} your s.p.u.n.k!" Away they go, the mate dashing ahead; while the furious seas shoot up vindictive tongues at them and nearly wash two men clean off the rigging on a level with the lower topsails. Out on the swaying yard, standing on the foot-rope that is strung underneath, they grasp at the hard, wet, struggling canvas till they can pa.s.s the gaskets round the parts still bellying between the buntlines. "One hand for the ship and one for yourself" is the rule aloft. But exceptions are more plentiful than rules on a day like this. Both hands must be used, though the sail and foot-ropes rack your body and try their best to shake you off. If they succeed, a sickening thud on deck, or a smothered scream and a half-heard _plopp_! overside would be the end of you.
All hands work like fury, for a full Antarctic hurricane is on them.
This great South Polar storm has swept a thousand leagues, almost unchecked, before venting its utmost rage against the iron coasts all round the Horn. The South Shetlands have only served to rouse its temper. Its seas have grown bigger with every mile from the Pole, and wilder with every mile towards the Horn. Now they are so enormous that even the truck of the tall Yankee clipper staggering along to {123} leeward cannot be seen except when both ships are topping the crest.
Wherever you look there seems to be an endless earthquake of mountainous waves, with spuming volcanoes of their own, and vast, abysmal craters yawning from the depths. The _Victoria_ begins to labour. The wind and water seem to be gaining on her every minute.
She groans in every part of her sorely racked hull; while up aloft the hurricane roars, rings, and screeches through the rigging.
But suddenly there is a new and far more awful sound, which seems to still all others, as a stupendous mother wave rears its huge, engulfing bulk astern. On it comes, faster and higher, its cavernous hollow roaring and its overtopping crest snarling viciously as it turns forward, high above the p.o.o.p. "Hold on for your lives!" shout the mates and skipper. They are not a moment too soon. The sails are blanketed, and the ship seems as if she was actually being drawn, stern first, into the very jaws of the sea. A shuddering pause . . . and then, with a stunning crash, the whole devouring ma.s.s bursts full on deck. The stricken _Victoria_ reels under the terrific shock, and then lies dead another anxious minute, utterly helpless, her {124} deck awash with a smother of foaming water, and her crew apparently drowned.
But presently her stern emerges through the dark, green-grey after-shoulder of the wave. She responds to the lift of the mighty barrel with a gallant effort to shake herself free. She rises, dripping from stem to stern. Her sails refill and draw her on again.
And when the next wave comes she is just able to take it--but no more.
The skipper has already decided to heave to and wait for the storm to blow itself out. But there is still too much canvas on her. Even the main lower topsail has to come in. The courses, or lowest square sails, have all come in before. The little canvas required for lying to must neither be too high nor yet too low. If it is too high, it gives the wind a very dangerous degree of leverage. If it is too low, it violently strains the whole vessel by being completely blanketed when in the trough of the sea and then suddenly struck full when on the crest. The main lower topsail is at just the proper height. But only the fore and mizzen ones are wanted to balance the pressure aloft. So in it has to come. And a dangerous bit of work it gives; for it has to be hauled up from right amidships, where the deck is wetter than a {125} half-tide rock. The yellow-oilskinned crew tail on and heave.
_Yo--ho_! _Yo--hay_! "Hitch it! Quick, for your lives, hang on, all!" A mountainous wall of black water suddenly leaps up and crashes through the windward rigging. The watch goes down to a man, some hanging on to the rope as if suspended in the middle of a waterfall, for the deck is nearly perpendicular, while others wash off altogether and fetch up with a dazing, underwater thud against the lee side. Inch by inch the men haul in, waist-deep most of the time and often completely under. _Yo--ho_! _Yo--hay_! _harrhh_, and they all hold breath till they can get their heads out again. _Yo--ho_! _Yo--hay_!
"In with her!" _Heigh--o--oh_! "Turn that!" "All fast!"
""Way aloft and roll her up quick!" The tossing crests are blown into spindrift against the weather yardarm, while a pelting hailstorm stings the wet, cold hands and faces. The men tear at the sail with their numb fingers till their nails are bleeding. They hit it, pull it, clutch at it for support. Certain death would follow a fall from aloft; for the whole deck is hidden under a surging, seething ma.s.s of water. You would swear the water"s boiling if it wasn"t icy cold. The skipper"s at the wheel, watching his {126} chance. There is no such thing as a good chance now. But he sees one of some kind, just as the men get the sail on the yard and are trying to make it fast. Down goes the helm, and her head comes slowly up to the wind. "She"s doing it---- No! Hang on, all! Great snakes, here comes a sea!" Struck full, straight on her beam, by wind and sea together, the _Victoria_ lays over as if she would never stop. Over she heels to it--over, over, over! A second is a long suspense at such a time as this. The sea breaks in thunder along her whole length, and pours in a sweeping cataract across her deck, smashing the boats and dragging all loose gear to leeward. Over she heels--over, over, over! The yards are nearly up and down. The men cling desperately, as if to an inverted mast. And well they may, especially on the leeward arm that dips them far under a surge of water which seems likely to snap the whole thing off. But the _Victoria"s_ cargo and ballast never shift an inch. Her stability is excellent. And as the heaving shoulder eases down she holds her keel in, just before another lurch would send her turning turtle. A pause . . . a quiver . . . and she begins to right. "Now then," roars the indomitable mate, the moment his dripping {127} yardarm comes from under, "turn to, there--d" y" think we "re going to hang on here the whole d.a.m.n" day?" Whereupon the men turn to again with twice the confidence and hearty goodwill that any other form of rea.s.surance could possibly have given them.
As she comes back towards an even keel the wind catches the sails. The skipper is still at the wheel, to which he and the two men whose trick it is are clinging. "Hard-a-lee!" and round she goes this time, till she snuggles into a good lie-to, which keeps her alternately coming up and falling off a little, by the counteraction of the sails and helm.
Here she rides out the storm, dipping her lee rail under, climbing the wild, gigantic seas, and working off her course on the cyclone-driven waters; but giving watch and watch about a chance to rest before she squares away again.
Next morning the skipper hardly puts his head out before he yells the welcome order to set the main lower topsail--from the lee yardarm of which a dozen men had nearly gone to Davy Jones"s locker only yesterday. He takes a look round; then orders up reefed foresail and the three upper topsails, also reefed. Up goes the watch aloft and lays out on the yard. "Ready?" comes the shouted {128} query from the bunt. "Ay, ay, sir!" "Haul out to windward!" _Eh--hai, o--ho, o--ho--oh_! "Far enough, sir?" "Haul out to leeward!" _Eh--hai, o--ho, o--ho--oh_! "That"ll do! Tie her up and don"t miss any points!" "Right-oh! Lay down from aloft and set the sail!" _Yo--ho, yo--hai, yo--ho--oh_! Then the chanty rises from the swaying men, rises and falls, in wavering bursts of sound, as if the gale was whirling it about:
Blow the man down, blow the man down, "Way-ho! Blow the man down.
Blow the man down from Liverpool town; Give us some wind to blow the man down.
And so the gallant ship goes outward-bound; and homeward-bound the same. At last she"s back in Halifax, after a series of adventures that would set an ordinary landsman up for life. But the only thing the Nova Scotian papers say of her is this: "Arrived from sea with general cargo--ship _Victoria_, John Smith, master, ninety days from Valparaiso. All well."
No mention of that terrible Antarctic hurricane? No "heroes"? No heroics?
It"s all in the day"s work there.
{129}
CHAPTER VIII
STEAMERS
Steamers and all other machine-driven craft are of very much greater importance to Canada now than canoes and sailing craft together. But their story can be told in a chapter no longer than the one devoted to canoes alone; and this for several reasons. The tale of the canoe begins somewhere in the immemorial past and is still being told to-day.
The story of the sailing ship is not so old as this. But it is as old as the history of Canada. It is inseparably connected with Canada"s fortunes in peace and war. It is Canada"s best sea story of the recent past. And, to a far greater extent than the tale of the canoe, it is also a story of the present and the immediate future. Moreover, sailing craft helped to make turning points of Canadian history as only a single steamer ever has. Sailing craft made Canada known distinctively among every great seafaring people as steamers never have. {130} And while the building, ownership, and actual navigation of sailing craft once made Canada fourth among the shipping countries of the world, the change to steam and steel, coinciding with the destruction of the handiest timber and the development of inland forms of business, put no less than eight successful rivals ahead of her.
Every one knows that James Watt turned the power of steam to practical use in the eighteenth century. But it was not till the first year of the nineteenth that a really workable steamer appeared, though the British, French, and Americans had been experimenting for years, just as ingenious men had been experimenting with stationary engines long before Watt. This pioneer steamer was the _Charlotte Dundas_, which ran on the Forth and Clyde Ca.n.a.l in Scotland in 1801. Six years later Fulton"s _Clermont_, engined by the British firm of Boulton and Watt, ran on the Hudson from New York to Albany. Two years later again the _Accommodation_, the first steamer in Canada, was launched at Montreal, and engined there as well. She was built for John Molson by John Bruce, a shipbuilder, {131} and John Jackson, an engineer. She was eighty-five feet over all and sixteen feet in the beam. Her engine was six horse-power, and her trial speed five knots an hour. She was launched, broadside on, behind the old Molson brewery. She was fitted up for twenty pa.s.sengers, but only ten went on her maiden trip. The fare was eight dollars down to Quebec and ten dollars back. The following is interesting as a newspaper account of the first trip made by the first Canadian steamer. It is taken, word for word, from an original copy of the _Quebec Gazette_ of November 9, 1809.
The Steam Boat, which was built at Montreal last winter, arrived here on Sat.u.r.day last, being her first trip. She was 66 hours on the pa.s.sage, of which she was at anchor 30. So that 36 hours is the time which, in her present state, she takes to come down from Montreal to Quebec [over 160 statute miles]. On Sunday last she went up against wind and tide from Brehault"s wharf to Lymburner"s; but her progress was very slow. It is obvious that her machinery, at present, has not sufficient force for this River. But there can be no doubt of the possibility of {132} perfectioning it so as to answer every purpose for which she was intended; and it would be a public loss should the proprietors be discouraged from persevering in their undertaking.
They did not fail to persevere. When Molson found that ox-teams were required to tow her up St Mary"s Current, below Montreal, he ordered a better engine of thirty horse-power from Boulton and Watt in England, and put it into the _Swiftsure_ in 1811. This steamer was twice the size of the _Accommodation_, being 120 by 24 feet; and the _Quebec Gazette_ waxed eloquent about her:
The Steam Boat arrived here from Montreal on Sunday. She started from Montreal at 5 o"clock on Sat.u.r.day morning, and anch.o.r.ed at Three Rivers, which she left on Sunday morning at 5 o"clock, and arrived at the King"s Wharf, Quebec, at half-past two; being only 24 hours and a half under way between the two cities, with a strong head wind all the way. She is most superbly fitted up, and offers accommodation for pa.s.sengers in every respect equal to the best hotel in Canada. In short, for celerity and security, she well {133} deserves the name of _Swiftsure_. America cannot boast of a more useful and expensive undertaking by one individual, than this of Mr Molson"s. His Excellency, the Governor-in-chief, set out for Montreal on Tuesday afternoon, in the Steam Boat.
The following letter from Molson, for the information of Sir George Prevost, governor-general during the War of 1812, refers to one of the first tenders ever made, in any part of the world, to supply steamer transport for either naval or military purposes. It was received at Quebec by Commissary-General Robinson on February 6, 1813:
I received a letter from the Military Secretary, under date of the 15th Decr. last, informing me of His Excellency"s approval of a Tender I had made of the Steam Boat for the use of Government; wherein I am likewise informed that you would receive instructions to cause an arrangement to be made for her Service during the ensuing Season. For the Transport of Troops and conveyance of light Stores, it will be necessary to fit her up in a manner so as to be best adapted for the purpose, which will be in my opinion something after the mode {134} of a Transport. For a pa.s.sage Boat she would have to be fitted up quite in a different manner. If you wish her to be arranged in any particular manner under the direction of any Person, I am agreeable. I should be glad to be informed if His Excellency wishes or expects that I shall sail in her myself, whether Government or I furnish the Officers and men to Navigate and Pilot her, the Engineer excepted, the fuel and all other necessarys that may be required for her use. I imagine the arrangement must be for the Season, not by the Trip, as Government may wish to detain her for particular purposes. Ensurance I do not believe can be effected for less than 30 p. cent for the Season, therefore I must take the risque upon myself.
Within five years of this tender Molson"s St Lawrence Steamboat Company had six more steamers running. In 1823 a towboat company was formed, and the _Hercules_ towed the _Margaret_ from Quebec to Montreal. The well-known word "tug" was soon brought into use from England, where it originated from the fact that the first towboat in the world was called _The Tug_. In 1836, before {135} the first steam railway train ran from La Prairie to St Johns, the Torrance Line, in opposition to the Molson Line, was running the _Canada_, which was then the largest and fastest steamer in the whole New World. Meanwhile steam navigation had been practised on the Great Lakes for twenty years; for in 1817 the little _Ontario_ and the big _Frontenac_ made their first trips from Kingston to York (now Toronto). The _Frontenac_ was built at Finkles Point, Ernestown, eighteen miles from Kingston, by Henry Teabout, an American who had been employed in the shipyards of Sackett"s Harbour at the time of the abortive British attack in 1813. She was about seven hundred tons, schooner rigged, engined by Boulton and Watt, and built at a total cost of $135,000. A local paper said that "her proportions strike the eye very agreeably, and good judges have p.r.o.nounced this to be the best piece of naval architecture of the kind yet produced in America."
Ca.n.a.ls and steamers naturally served each other"s turn. There was a great deal of ca.n.a.l building in the twenties. The Lachine Ca.n.a.l, opening up direct communication west of Montreal, was dug out by 1825, the Welland, across the Niagara peninsula, by 1829, and the {136} Rideau, near Ottawa, by 1832. A few very small ca.n.a.ls had preceded these; others were to follow them; and they were themselves in their infancy of size and usefulness. But the beginning had been made.
The early Canadian steamers and ca.n.a.ls did credit to a poor and thinly peopled country. But none of them ranked as a pioneering achievement in the world at large. This kind of achievement was reserved for the _Royal William_, a vessel of such distinction in the history of shipping that her career must be followed out in detail.
[Ill.u.s.tration: TRANSPORT _BECKWITH_ AND BATEAUX, LAKE ONTARIO, 1816.
From the John Rose Robertson Collection, Toronto Public Library.]
She was the first of all sea-going steamers, the first that ever crossed an ocean entirely under steam, and the first that ever fired a shot in action. But her claims and the spurious counter-claims against her must both be made quite clear. She was not the first steamer that ever put out to sea, for the Yankee _Phoenix_ made the little coasting trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia in 1809. She was not the first steamer in Canadian salt water, for the _St John_ crossed the Bay of Fundy in 1826. And she was not the first vessel with a steam engine that crossed an ocean, for the Yankee _Savannah_ crossed from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819. The {137} _Phoenix_ and _St John_ call for no explanation. The _Savannah_ does, especially in view of the claims so freely made and allowed for her as being the first regular steamer to cross an ocean. To begin with, she was not a regular sea-going steamer with auxiliary sails like the _Royal William_, but a so-called clipper-built, full-rigged ship of three hundred tons with a small auxiliary engine and paddle-wheels made to be let down her sides when the wind failed. She did not even steam against head winds, but tacked. She took a month to make Liverpool, and she used steam for only eighty hours altogether. She could not, indeed, have done much more, because she carried only seventy-five tons of coal and twenty-five cords of wood, and she made port with plenty of fuel left.
Her original log (the official record every vessel keeps) disproves the whole case mistakenly made out for her by some far too zealous advocates.
The claims of the _Royal William_ are proved by ample contemporary evidence, as well as by the subsequent statements of her master, John M"Dougall, her builder, James Goudie, and John Henry, the Quebec founder who made some castings for her engines the year after they had been put into her at Montreal. {138} M"Dougall was a seaman of indomitable perseverance, as his famous voyage to England shows.
Goudie, though only twenty-one, was a most capable naval architect, born in Canada and taught his profession in Scotland. His father was a naval architect before him and had built several British vessels on the Great Lakes for service against the Americans during the War of 1812.
Both Goudie and Henry lived to retell their tale in 1891, when the Canadian government put up a tablet to commemorate what pioneering work the _Royal William_ had done, both for the inter-colonial and inter-imperial connection.
The first stimulus to move the promoters of the _Royal William_ was the subsidy of $12,000 offered by the government of Lower Canada in 1830 to the owners of any steamer over five hundred tons that would ply between Quebec and Halifax. Half this amount had been offered in 1825, but the inducement was not then sufficient. The Quebec and Halifax Navigation Company was formed by the leading merchants of Quebec joined with a few in Halifax. The latter included the three Cunard brothers, whose family name has been a household word in transatlantic shipping circles from that day to this. On September 2, {139} 1830, Goudie laid the keel of the _Royal William_ in the yard belonging to George Black, a shipbuilder, and his partner, John Saxton Campbell, formerly an officer in the 99th Foot, and at this time a merchant and shipowner in Quebec.
The shipyard was situated at Cape Cove beside the St Lawrence, a mile above the citadel, and directly in line with the spot on which Wolfe breathed his last after the Battle of the Plains.
The launch took place on Friday afternoon, April 29, 1831. Even if all the people present had then foreknown the _Royal William"s_ career they could not have done more to mark the occasion as one of truly national significance. The leaders among them certainly looked forward to some great results at home. Quebec was the capital of Lower Canada; and every Canadian statesman hoped that the new steamer would become a bond of union between the three different parts of the country--the old French province by the St Lawrence, the old British provinces down by the sea, and the new British province up by the Lakes.
The mayor of Quebec proclaimed a public holiday, which brought out such a concourse of shipwrights and other shipping experts as hardly any other city in the world could show. {140} Lord Aylmer was there as governor-general to represent King William IV, after whom the vessel was to be named the _Royal William_ by Lady Aylmer. This was most appropriate, as the sailor king had been the first member of any royal house to set foot on Canadian soil, which he did at Quebec in 1787, as an officer in H.M.S. _Pegasus_. The guard and band from the 32nd Foot were drawn up near the slip. The gunners of the Royal Artillery were waiting to fire the salute from the new citadel, which, with the walls, was nearing completion, after the Imperial government had spent thirty-five million dollars in carrying out the plans approved by Wellington. Lady Aylmer took the bottle of wine, which was wreathed in a garland of flowers, and, throwing it against the bows, p.r.o.nounced the historic formula: "G.o.d bless the _Royal William_ and all who sail in her." Then, amid the crash of arms and music, the roaring of artillery, and the enthusiastic cheers of all the people, the stately vessel took the water, to begin a career the like of which no other Canadian vessel ever equalled before that time or since.
Her engines, which developed more than two hundred horse-power, were made by Bennett and Henderson in Montreal and sent to meet {141} her a few miles below the city, as the vessel towing her up could not stem St Mary"s Current. Her hull was that of a regular sea-going steamer, thoroughly fit to go foreign, and not the hull of an ordinary sailing ship, like the _Savannah_, with paddles hung over the sides in a calm.
Goudie"s master, Simmons of Greenock, had built four steamers to cross the Irish Sea; and Goudie probably followed his master"s practice when he gave the _Royal William_ two deep "scoops" to receive the paddle-boxes nearer the bows than the stern. The tonnage by builder"s measurement was 1370, though by net capacity of burden only 363. The length over all was 176 feet, on the keel 146. Including the paddle-boxes the breadth was 44 feet; and, as each box was 8 feet broad, there were 28 feet clear between them. The depth of hold was 17 feet 9 inches, the draught 14 feet. The rig was that of a three-masted topsail schooner. There were fifty pa.s.senger berths and a good saloon.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE _ROYAL WILLIAM_ From the original painting in possession of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec]
The three trips between Quebec and Halifax in 1831 were most successful. But 1832 was the year of the great cholera, especially in Quebec, and the _Royal William_ was so hara.s.sed by quarantine that she had to be laid up there. The losses of that disastrous season {142} decided her owners to sell out next spring for less than a third of her original cost. She was then degraded for a time into a local tug or sometimes an excursion boat. But presently she was sent down to Boston, where the band at Fort Independence played her in to the tune of "G.o.d Save the King," because she was the first of all steamers to enter a seaport of the United States under the Union Jack.
Ill luck pursued her new owners, who, on her return to Quebec, decided to send her to England for sale. She left Quebec on August 5, 1833, coaled at Pictou, which lies on the Gulf side of Nova Scotia, and took her departure from there on the 18th, for her epoch-making voyage, with the following most prosaic clearance: "_Royal William_, 363 tons. 36 men. John M"Dougall, master. Bound to London. British. Cargo: 254 chaldrons of coals [nearly 300 tons], a box of stuffed birds, and six spars, produce of this province. One box and one trunk, household furniture and a harp, all British, and seven pa.s.sengers." The fare was fixed at 20, "not including wines."
The voyage soon became eventful. Nearly three hundred tons of coal was a heavy concentrated cargo for the tremendous storm she encountered on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. {143} She strained; her starboard engine was disabled; she began to leak; and the engineer came up to tell M"Dougall she was sinking. But M"Dougall held his course, started the pumps, and kept her under way for a week with only the port engine going. The whole pa.s.sage from Pictou, counting the time she was detained at Cowes repairing boilers, took twenty-five days. M"Dougall, a st.u.r.dy Scotsman, native of Oban, must have been sorely tempted to "put the kettle off the boil" and run her under sail. But either the port or starboard engine, or both, worked her the whole way over, and thus for ever established her claim to priority in transatlantic navigation under steam alone.