131. Informe del Intercambio Comercial Chileno-Cubano, c. December 1972.
132. Almeyda, Speech to UN General a.s.sembly, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 376.
133. Vazquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005, and Suarez interview, 12 September 2005. On the improving links with Latin American revolutionary movements, see Ona interview, 3 September 2005.
134. Quiroga, Companeros, 7174.
135. Figures of arms transfers are difficult to verify, although some members of the GAP later testified that they had received one .30 machine gun, eight Uzis, forty MP-40 submachine guns, twelve P-38 automatic pistols, and twelve Colt pistols from the island at the beginning of 1971. Ibid., 251.
136. Pascal Allende interview.
137. Estrada interview; Ona interviews, 20046; and Jaramillo Edwards interview, 21 September 2005.
138. Soto interview, 7 September 2005.
139. Dispatch, COS, Santiago, to Chief, WHD, 3 November 1971, CDP-CIA. Specifically, the CIA Station listed the GAP"s new a.r.s.enal as containing "Cuban-provided .45 caliber Colt automatic pistols, 9mm Browning automatic pistols and Czech P-38 automatic pistols." The Chilean historian Cristian Perez claims that the biggest Cuban donation of arms to Chile occurred during Castro"s visit. Perez, "Salvador Allende, Apuntes Sobre su Dispositivo de Seguridad," 52.
140. CIA Information Report, 1 October 1971, CDP-CIA. Quiroga cites the number as twenty and twenty rather than thirty and thirty. Quiroga, Companeros, 76, and Intelligence Information Special Report, 9 November 1971, CDP-CIA.
141. Covert Action in Chile, 38.
142. Telegram, Korry to SecState, 17 August 1971, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
143. Quiroga, Companeros, 57. On the reason for the split, see Ona interview, 2 May 2006. On the split, see Dispatch, COS, Santiago, to Chief, WHD, 3 November 1971, CDP-CIA.
144. Pascal Allende interview. Luis Fernandez Ona, who was present at this interview, confirmed the story.
145. Dispatch, COS, Santiago, to Chief, WHD, 3 November 1971.
146. Memorandum of Conversation, "Meeting with [redacted]," 17 August 1971, CDP-CIA.
147. Allende, "First Anniversary of the Popular Government," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 12324.
148. Castro as cited in Airgram, Shlaudeman to SecState, 17 August 1971, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
149. Ona interview, 9 December 2004. On armed forces reaction, see Quiroga, Companeros, 11920.
150. Minute, FCO Research Department, 3 August 1971, FCO7/1991/TNA.
151. "Santiago Plagado de Cubanos Armados," La Tribuna, 8 November 1971, and "Con el Despliegue Armado Caracteristico de los Tiranos: Y ... Nos Puso La Pata Encima!," La Tribuna, 11 November 1971. On the Right"s press campaigns against the GAP, see Quiroga, Companeros, 11011.
152. Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, 233, and Castro, as quoted in Record of Conversation, Amba.s.sador Alexseev and Volodia Teitelboim, 14 October 1970, 411. On Fidel"s desire not to cause problems, see also Fidel Castro, "Conferencia de Prensa," 3 December 1971, Cuba-Chile, 5067.
153. Teitelboim interview, 5 November 2004.
154. Castro, "Entrevista," 10 November 1971, Cuba-Chile, 16; Palma interview, 23 October 2004; and Huidobro interviews, 18 and 28 October 2004.
155. Letter, Castro to Allende, 11 September 1971, in Castro, "Salvador Allende: His Example Lives On."
156. Vazquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005. See also Debray as quoted in Haslam, a.s.sisted Suicide, 32.
157. Record of Conversation, Director General, MRE, and Hildyard, Letter, British Chancery, Santiago to Latin America Department, FCO, 15 November 1971, FCO7/1991/TNA. On Castro"s attention to Chile, see also Suarez interview, 10 December 2004; Estrada interview; and Ona interviews, 20046.
158. Gomez interview, 24 October 2004, and Soto interview 29 April 2005. See also Alvarez, De America Soy Hijo.
159. Timossi interview.
160. Castro, Speech at National Stadium, Santiago, 2 December 1971, published as "Acto de Despedida," Cuba-Chile, 47476.
161. Castro, "Conferencia de Prensa," 3 December 1971, Cuba-Chile, 494, 520; and "Interview with Allende and Castro," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 130.
162. "El Comandande Fidel Estuvo "Aminado" con "El Teniente,"" La Tribuna, 25 November 1971.
163. "Interview with Allende and Castro," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 130.
164. Ibid., 12930, and Castro, "Acto de Despedida," 477. On reports of Castro"s comments to Czechoslovakia"s amba.s.sador in Havana about his trip to Chile, see Memorandum, Renke, Polish Emba.s.sy, Havana, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 15 March 1972, wiazka 3/12/78/AMSZ.
165. Interviews with Armando Hart and Pascal Allende, in Ortega, La Habana-Arica-Magallanes.
166. Pascal Allende interview.
167. Castro as quoted in Intelligence Information Cable, 2 December 1971, CDP-CIA.
168. Castro, Speech to Rancagua Stadium, 24 November 1971, published as "Estado Rancagua," Cuba-Chile, 360; and Castro, Speech in Santa Cruz, 25 November 1971, published as "Santa Cruz, Colchagua," Cuba-Chile, 375.
169. Castro, "Acto de Despedida," Cuba-Chile, 480.
170. Castro, Dialogue with Students, 29 November 1971, published as "Universidad Tecnica del Estado," Cuba-Chile, 439, 444; Castro, "Conferencia de Prensa," 3 December 1971, Cuba-Chile, 49798, 517; and Castro, "Santa Cruz," Cuba-Chile, 377. See also Suarez interview, 10 December 2004.
171. Castro, Speech to Teatro Munic.i.p.al, Santiago, 25 November 1971, published as "Teatro Munic.i.p.al," Cuba-Chile, 380.
172. "Interview with Allende and Castro," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 133.
173. Castro, "Santa Cruz," Cuba-Chile, 275.
174. Otero, Llover Sobre Mojado, 190; Estrada interview; and Vazquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005.
175. Vazquez and Cubillas, Otero, and Estrada interviews.
176. Castro, "Conferencia de Prensa," Cuba-Chile, 493.
177. CIA Intelligence Information Special Report, enclosure, Memorandum, Thomas Karamessines, Deputy Director of Plans to DCI Helms, "Cuban Disappointment with the Chilean Experiment," 31 May 1972, CREST/NARA.
178. Ona interview, 3 September 2005.
179. Castro to Czechoslovakia"s amba.s.sador in Havana as cited in Memorandum, Renke to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 15 March 1972, wiazka 3/12/78/AMSZ.
180. Letter, Castro to Allende, 4 February 1972, in Castro, "Salvador Allende: His Example Lives On."
181. Allende, "Farewell Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 140, 138; Castro, "Acto de Despedida," Cuba-Chile, 477; and "Interview with Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 132.
182. Allende, "Farewell Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 14142.
183. Telegram, Davis to SecState, 3 December 1971, box 2197/RG59/NARA; and Allende, "Farewell Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 138.
184. Allende, "Farewell Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 13545.
185. Quiroga, Companeros, 76.
186. Cables, Noworyt to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 and 20 August 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ. See also references to the MIR"s and the PS"s "left wing extremism" in "Report on the First Year of the Government of the UP," East German Emba.s.sy, Santiago, to Berlin, 12 December 1971, V-33/MfAA.
187. Allende, 20 December 1971, and "Declaration of December" as quoted in Telegram, Shlaudeman to SecState, 21 December 1971, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
188. Record of Conversation, Almeyda and Davis, 1 December 1970, Telex, MRE to Embachile Washington, 1 December 1971, Telex E: 1367/EEUU/1971/AMRE.
189. Renan Fuentealba, 16 December 1971, as quoted in Telegram, Shlaudeman to SecState, 17 December 1971, box 2194/RG59/NARA. On Fuentealba"s election at the PDC National Junta on 2728 November 1971, see Telegram, Davis to SecState, 29 November 1971, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
190. Airgram, Davis to DOS, 24 December 1971, box 2197/RG59/NARA.
191. "Report on the First Year of the Government of the UP," East German Emba.s.sy, Santiago, 12 December 1971.
192. Allende, "First Anniversary of the Popular Government," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 12122.
193. Collier and Sater, History of Chile, 33645.
194. Special NIE, 4 August 1971, and Allende, "First Anniversary of the Popular Government," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 123.
195. Corvalan as quoted in "Report on the First Year of the Government of the UP," East German Emba.s.sy, Santiago, 12 December 1971.
196. Telegram Amemba.s.sy Santiago to SecState, 14 December 1971, box 2198/RG59/NARA, and "Report on the First Year of the Government of the UP," East German Emba.s.sy, Santiago, 12 December 1971.
197. Telex, Letelier to MRE, 30 November 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.
198. Memorandum, Letelier, "Algunos Aspectos del Estado Actual de las Relaciones de Chile con Estados Unidos," 3 November 1971, 2/16/6/FOL.
199. Allende, "Farewell Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 141.
200. Frei as quoted in Telegram, Korry to SecState, 11 October 1971, box 2197/RG59/NARA.
201. NIE 93-72, "The New Course in Brazil," doc. 146/FRUS/19691976/E-10.
202. Telex, Luis Herrera, Chilean Delegate, OAS, to MRE, 14 and 15 December 1971, Aerogramas, Telexes, OEA/1971/AMRE. OAS members voted 7 in favor, 13 against, and 3 abstained.
203. Intelligence Note, INR, "Cuba: New Orleans plus Kosygin Equals What?" 8 November 1971, box 2223/RG59/NARA; and Memorandum, Renke to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Certain Aspects of Cuba"s Situation and Politics on the American Continent," 15 October 1971, wiazka 3/12/78/AMSZ.
Chapter 5.
1. Allende, Speech at National Stadium, 4 November 1971, published as "First Anniversary of the Popular Government," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 22. See also Almeyda, Speech to the G77, Lima, Peru, 29 October 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 403.
2. Memorandum of Conversation, Medici, Nixon, and Walters, 10:00 a.m., the President"s Office, 9 December 1971, doc. 143/FRUS/19691976/E-10.
3. See, for example, Summary of Minutes of Connally"s meeting with President Pastrana, 7 June 1972, Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Bogota to SecState, 17 June 1972; Memorandum of Conversation, Connally, Medici, et al., 8 June 1972, Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Brasilia to SecState, 17 June 1972; and Record of Conversation, Connally and President Lannusse, 12 June 1972, Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Buenos Aires to SecState, 17 June 1972, Executive Secretariat, Briefing Books, 19581976, lot 720373, box 135/RG59/NARA.
4. Jova as quoted in Memorandum, Amba.s.sador Marian Renke, Polish Emba.s.sy in Havana to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Certain Aspects of Cuba"s Situation and Politics on the American Continent," 15 October 1971, wiazka 5/40/75/AMSZ. On private rea.s.surances to Latin Americans that detente did not apply to Cuba, see Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Montevideo to SecState, 3 March 1972, and Memorandum of Conversation, Celso Diniz (Brazilian Emba.s.sy, Washington) and Marvin J. Hoffenberg (Economic Officer, Office of the Coordinator for Cuban Affairs, ARA), 2 December 1972, 5 December 1972, box 2223/RG59/NARA. On State Department answers to criticism, see Robert Hurwitch as cited in Telegram, DOS to All American Republics, 20 September 1972, box 2223/RG59/NARA; Rogers as cited in Telex, DelChile OEA, "Subsecretario dice" to Almeyda, 12 April 1972, Aerog y Telex/OEA/1972/AMRE; and Telex, Valdes to MRE, 15 March 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.
5. Oficio, Armando Uribe, Chilean Amba.s.sador, Beijing, to Senor Ministro, 10 February 1972, enclosure, MRE to Letelier, 6 March 1972, Oficios Conf., E./R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.
6. Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 23 June 1972, Oficios Conf., E./R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.
7. Allende, Speech at the opening session of UNCTAD III, Santiago, published as "Discurso ante la Tercera UNCTAD," OE-SA, 608.
8. Notes, Comrade Markowski (Head of the Latin America Sector, Foreign Relations Department, Central Committee, Socialist Unity Party of Germany [CC SED]) to Hermann Axen (Leader of Foreign Relations Department, CC SED), 11 February 1972, DY/30/IV A2/20/286/SAPMO.
9. "Cuba in Latin America," enclosure, Briefing Memorandum prepared for Fidel Castro"s visit to Poland, no date, c. June 1972, wiazka 3/12/78/AMSZ.
10. Frei as quoted in Telegram, Davis to SecState, 26 January 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
11. "Serio Quebranto de la Economia Nacional," El Mercurio, 15 March 1972; "Temas Economicas," El Mercurio, 29 April 1972; and "La Semana Politica," El Mercurio, 21 May 1972, in Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera, Mil Dias (I), 31231, 36973, 38992.
12. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Irwin, 24 March 1972, Telex, Letelier to MRE, 24 March 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE; Informe, Central Committee, PCCh, as quoted in "Balance de exitos; Batida Contra las Fallas.," El Siglo, 16 March 1972; Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera, Mil Dias (I), 319; and Petras and LaPorte, "Can We Do Business with Radical Nationalists?"
13. Internal Doc.u.ment, Political Commission, PCCh, as quoted in Airgram, Davis to DOS, 11 February 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA; and "La Declaracion de el Arrayan," 9 February 1972, in Perez, "La Izquierda," 41219.
14. Internal Doc.u.ment, Political Commission, PCCh, as quoted in Airgram, Davis to DOS, 11 February 1972.
15. "Partido Socialista: Informe del Comite Central al Pleno de Algarrobo," February 1972, in Perez, "La Izquierda," 420.
16. Allende, "Informe al Pleno Nacional del Partido Socialista en Algarrobo," February 1972, in Perez, "La Izquierda," 421.
17. Telegram, Davis to SecState, 20 March 1972, box 2198/RG59/NARA; and Airgram, Davis to DOS, 27 April 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
18. "Report, Latin American Inst.i.tute, Soviet Academy of Sciences," c. July 1972, in Ulianova and Fediakova, "Chile en los Archivos de la URSS (19591973)," 429; "Corvalan canto claro en conferencia de prensa," Clarin, 26 May 1972, in Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera, Mil Dias (I), 39495; and Airgram, Davis to DOS, 27 April 1972.
19. "La Semana Politica," El Mercurio, 21 May 1972; Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera, Mil Dias (I), 390.
20. Memorandum of Conversation, Felipe Amunategui (Third Vice President, PDC), Richard Schwartz (USAID), and Arnold Isaacs (U.S. Emba.s.sy), 4 May 1972, enclosure, Airgram, Davis to DOS, 17 May 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA.
21. Castro as quoted by Alain Peyrefitte, French Union of Democrats for the Republic Party, public statement, 24 September 1972, Santiago, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 26 September 1972, box 2196/RG59/NARA.
22. Telegram, Davis to SecState, 2 May 1972, box 2197/RG59/NARA; and Memorandum, Jorden to Kissinger, 10 April 1972, box H064/NSCIF/NPMP.