They likewise teach, that there will always be one holy church. The church is the congregation of the saints, in which the gospel is correctly taught and the sacraments are properly administered. And for the true unity of the church nothing more is required, than agreement concerning the doctrines of the gospel, and the administration of the sacraments. Nor is it necessary, that the same human traditions, that is, rites and ceremonies inst.i.tuted by men, should be everywhere observed. As Paul says: "One faith, one baptism, one G.o.d and Father of all," &c.
ARTICLE VIII. - WHAT THE CHURCH IS.
Although the church is properly a congregation of saints and true believers; yet in the present life, many hypocrites and wicked men are mingled with them.
ARTICLE IX. - CONCERNING BAPTISM.
Concerning baptism, our churches teach, that it is "a necessary ordinance," [Note 1] that it is a means of grace, and ought to be administered also to children, who are thereby dedicated to G.o.d, and received into his favor.
ARTICLE X. - OF THE LORD"S SUPPER.
In regard to the Lord"s Supper they teach that Christ is present with the communicants in the Lord"s Supper, "under the emblems of bread and wine." [Note 2]
ARTICLE XI. - OF CONFESSION.
[As Private Confession and Absolution, which are inculcated in this Article, though in a modified form, have been universally rejected by the American Lutheran Church, the omission of this Article is demanded by the principle on which the American Recension of the Augsburg Confession is constructed; namely, to omit the several portions, which are rejected by the great ma.s.s of our churches in this country, and to add nothing in their stead.] [tr. note: bracketed in the original]
ARTICLE XII. - OF REPENTANCE (AFTER BACKSLIDING).
Concerning repentance they teach, that those who have relapsed into sin after baptism, may at any time obtain pardon, when they repent. But repentance properly consists of two parts. The one is contrition, or being struck with terrors of conscience, on account of acknowledged sin.
The other is faith, which is produced by the gospel; which believes that pardon for sin is bestowed for Christ"s sake; which tranquilizes the conscience, and liberates it from fear. Such repentance must be succeeded by good works as its fruits.
ARTICLE XIII. - OF THE USE OF THE SACRAMENTS.
Concerning the use of the sacraments our churches teach, that they were inst.i.tuted not only as marks of a Christian profession amongst men; but rather as signs and evidences of the divine disposition towards us, tendered for the purpose of exciting and confirming the faith of those who use them. Hence the sacraments ought to be received with faith in the promises which are exhibited and proposed by them.
They therefore condemn the opinion of those who maintain, that the sacraments produce justification in their recipients as a matter of course, [Note 3] who do not teach that faith is necessary, in the reception of the sacraments, to the remission of sins.
ARTICLE XIV. - OF CHURCH ORDERS, (OR THE MINISTRY.)
Concerning church orders they teach, that no person ought publicly to teach "or preach," [Note 4] in the church, or to administer the sacraments, without a regular call.
ARTICLE XV. - OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES.
Concerning ecclesiastical ceremonies they teach, that those ceremonies ought to be observed, which can be attended to without sin, and which promote peace and good order in the church, such as certain holy-days, festivals, &c. Concerning matters of this kind, however, men are cautioned, lest their consciences be burdened, as though such observances were necessary to salvation. They are also admonished that human traditionary observances, inst.i.tuted with a view to appease G.o.d, and to merit his favor, and make satisfaction for sins, are contrary to the gospel and the doctrine of faith "in Christ." [Note 5] Wherefore vows and traditionary observances concerning meats, days, &c., inst.i.tuted to merit grace and make satisfaction for sins, are useless, and contrary to the gospel.
ARTICLE XVI. - OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS.
In regard to political affairs our churches teach that legitimate political enactments are good works of G.o.d; that it is lawful for Christians to hold civil offices, to p.r.o.nounce judgment, and decide cases according to existing laws; to inflict just punishment, wage just wars, and serve in them; to make lawful contracts; hold property; to make oath when required by the magistrate, to marry, and to be married.
Hence Christians ought necessarily to yield obedience to their civil officers and laws; unless they should command something sinful; in which case it is a duty to obey G.o.d rather than man. Acts v. 29.
ARTICLE XVII. - OF CHRIST"S RETURN TO JUDGMENT.
Our churches also teach, that at the end of the world, Christ will appear for judgment; that he will raise all the dead; that he will bestow upon the pious and elect eternal life and endless joys, but will condemn wicked men and devils to be punished without end.
ARTICLE XVIII. - OF FREE WILL.
Concerning free will our churches teach, that the human will possesses some liberty for the performance of civil duties, and for the choice of those things lying within the control of reason. But it does not possess the power, without the influence of the Holy Spirit, of being just before G.o.d, or yielding spiritual obedience: for the natural man receiveth not the things which are of the Spirit of G.o.d: but this is accomplished in the heart, when the Holy Spirit is received through the word.
The same is declared by Augustine in so many words: "We confess that all men have a free will, which possesses the judgment of reason, by which they cannot indeed, without the divine aid, either begin or certainly accomplish what is becoming in things relating to G.o.d; but only in "outward" [Note 6] works of the present life, as well good as evil. In good works, I say, which arise from our natural goodness, such as to choose to labor in the field, to eat and drink, to choose to have a friend, to have clothing, to build a house, to take a wife, to feed cattle, to learn various and useful arts, or to do any good thing relative to this life; all which things, however, do not exist without the divine government; yea, they exist and begin to be from Him and through Him. And in evil works (men have a free will), such as to choose to worship an idol, to will to commit murder," &c.
It is not possible by the mere powers of nature, without the aid of the Holy Spirit, to love G.o.d above all things, and to do his commands according to their intrinsic design. For, although nature may be able, after a certain manner, to perform external actions, such as to abstain from theft, from murder, &c., yet it cannot perform the inner motions, such as the fear of G.o.d, faith in G.o.d, chast.i.ty, patience, &c.
ARTICLE XIX. - OF THE AUTHOR OF SIN.
On this subject they teach, that, although G.o.d is the Creator and Preserver of nature, the cause of sin must be sought in the depraved will of the devil and of wicked men, which, when dest.i.tute of divine aid, turns itself away from G.o.d: agreeably to the declaration of Christ, "When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own." - JOHN viii. 44.
ARTICLE XX. - OF GOOD WORKS.
Our writers are falsely acccused [sic] of prohibiting good works. Their publications on the ten commandments, and other similar subjects, show, that they gave good instructions concerning all the different stations and duties of life, and explained what course of conduct, in any particular calling, is pleasing to G.o.d. Concerning these things, preachers formerly said very little, but urged the necessity of puerile and useless works, such as certain holy-days, fasts, brotherhoods, pilgrimages, worship of saints, rosaries, monastic vows, &c. These useless things, our adversaries, having been admonished, now unlearn, and no longer teach as formerly. Moreover, they now begin to make mention of faith, about which they formerly observed a marvellous [sic]
silence. They now teach, that we are not justified by works alone, but join faith to works, and maintain that we are justified by faith and works. This doctrine is more tolerable than their former belief, and is calculated to impart more consolation to the mind. Inasmuch, then, as the doctrine concerning faith, which should be regarded as a princ.i.p.al one by the church, had so long been unknown; for all must confess, that concerning the righteousness of faith, the most profound silence reigned in their sermons, and the doctrine concerning works alone was discussed in the churches; our divines have admonished the churches as follows:-
First, that our works cannot reconcile G.o.d, or merit the remission of sins, grace, and justification: but this we can attain only by faith, when we believe that we are received into favor, for Christ"s sake, who alone is appointed our mediator and propitiatory sacrifice, by whom the Father can be reconciled. He, therefore, who expects to merit grace by his works, casts contempt on the merits and grace of Christ, and is seeking the way to G.o.d, in his own strength, without the Saviour; who nevertheless has told us, "I am the way, the truth, and the life." This doctrine concerning faith, is incessantly inculcated by the Apostle Paul (Ephes. ii), "Ye are saved by grace, through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of G.o.d," not of works, &c. And, lest any one should cavil at our interpretation, and charge it with novelty, we state that this whole matter is supported by the testimony of the fathers. For Augustine devotes many volumes to the defence of grace, and the righteousness of faith, in opposition to the merit of good works. And Ambrosius, on the calling of he Gentiles, &c., inculcates the same doctrine. For thus he says, concerning the calling of the Gentiles: "Redemption by the blood of Christ is of little value, nor is the honor of human works subordinated to the mercy of G.o.d, if justification, which is of grace, is supposed to be merited by previous works, so as to be not the gift of him that bestows it, but the reward of him that earned it." But, although this doctrine is despised by the inexperienced, the consciences of the pious and timid find it a source of much consolation, for they cannot attain peace of conscience in any works, but in faith alone, when they entertain the confident belief that, for Christ"s sake, G.o.d is reconciled to them. Thus Paul teaches us (Rom. v.), "Being justified by faith, we have peace with G.o.d." This whole doctrine must be referred to the conflict in the conscience of the alarmed sinner, nor can it be otherwise understood. Hence the inexperienced and worldly-minded are much mistaken, who vainly imagine that the righteousness of the Christian is nothing else than what in common life and in the language of philosophy is termed morality.
Formerly, the consciences of men were hara.s.sed by the doctrine of works, nor did they hear any consolation from the gospel. Some conscience drove into deserts, and into monasteries, hoping there to merit the divine favor by a monastic life. Others invented different kinds of works, to merit grace, and make satisfaction for their sins. There was therefore the utmost necessity, that this doctrine concerning faith in Christ should be inculcated anew; in order that timid minds might find consolation, and know that justification and the remission of sins are obtained by faith in the Saviour. The people are also now instructed, that faith does not signify a mere historical belief, such as wicked men and devils have; but that, in addition to a historical belief, it includes an acquaintance with the consequences of the history, such as remission of sins, by grace through Christ, righteousness, &c., &c.
Now, he who knows that the Father is reconciled to him through Christ, possesses a true acquaintance with G.o.d, confides in his providence, and calls upon his name: and is therefore not without G.o.d, as are the Gentiles. For the devil and wicked men cannot believe the article concerning the remission of sins. But they hate G.o.d as an enemy, do not call upon his name, nor expect any thing good at his hands. Augustine, in speaking of the word faith, admonishes the reader that in Scripture this word does not signify mere knowledge, such as wicked men possess, but that confidence or trust, by which alarmed sinners are comforted and lifted up. We, moreover, teach, that the performance of works is necessary, because it is commanded of G.o.d, and not because we expect to merit grace by them. Pardon of sins and grace are obtained only by faith. And because the Holy Spirit is received by faith the heart of man is renovated, and new affections produced, that he may be able to perform good works. Accordingly, Ambrosius states, faith is the source of holy volitions and an upright life. For the faculties of man, unaided by the Holy Spirit, are replete with sinful propensities, and too feeble to perform works that are good in the sight of G.o.d. They are moreover under the influence of Satan, who urges men to various sins, and impious opinions, and open crimes; as may be seen in the examples of the philosophers who, though they endeavored to lead moral lives, failed to accomplish their designs, and were guilty of many notorious crimes. Such is the imbecility of man, when he undertakes to govern himself by his own strength, without faith and the Holy Spirit.
From all this it is manifest, that our doctrine, instead of being charged with prohibiting good works, ought much rather to be applauded, for teaching the manner in which truly good works can be performed. For, without faith, human nature is incapable of performing the duties either of the first or second table. Without it, man does not call upon G.o.d, nor expect any thing from him, nor bear the cross: but seeks refuge amongst men, and reposes on human aid. Hence, when faith and confidence in G.o.d are wanting, all evil desires and human schemes reign in the heart; wherefore Christ also says, "without me ye can do nothing" (John xv.); and the church responds, Without thy favor there is nothing good in man.
ARTICLE XXI. - OF THE INVOCATION OF SAINTS.
Concerning the invocation of saints our churches teach, that the saints ought to be held in remembrance, in order that we may, each in his own calling, imitate their faith and good works; that the emperor may imitate the example of David, in carrying on war to expel the Turks from our country; for both are kings. But the sacred volume does not teach us to invoke saints or to seek aid from them. For it proposes Christ to us us our only mediator, propitiation, high priest, and intercessor. On his name we are to call, and he promises, that he will hear our prayers, and highly approves of this worship, viz.: that he should be called upon in every affliction (1 John ii.): "If any one sin, we have an advocate with the Father," &c.
This is about the substance of our doctrines, from which it is evident that they contain nothing inconsistent with the Scriptures. Under these circ.u.mstances, those certainly judge harshly, who would have us regarded as heretics. But the difference of opinion between us (and the Romanists) relates to certain abuses, which have crept into the (Romish) churches without any good authority; in regard to which, if we do differ, the bishops ought to treat us with lenity, and tolerate us, on account of the confession which we have just made.
Note 1. German reading.
Note 2. German reading.
Note 3. Ex opere operato, from the mere outward performance of the act.
Note 4. German reading.
Note 5. German reading.
Note 6. German copy.