"It will be observed that a line drawn out from the sun to the right will pa.s.s through Herschel, and if continued will intersect the new planet. It is very apparent that, when these three orbs occupy the position a.s.signed them above, the influence of the unknown planet upon Herschel will be exercised in the highest degree, and consequently that Herschel will be drawn farther from the sun at that juncture than at any other; and if we know where _Herschel_ is, when this effect is produced, by prolonging the line through Herschel outward, it must pa.s.s through the new planet. The delicate observations upon Herschel gave this result, and showed when it was that it was swayed farthest from the sun. By taking the place occupied by the planet at that time, and increasing it onward one degree and a half per annum, we can point out the place it must occupy at any given period. In September last we find Leverrier communicating these results to his friends in Berlin. They are provided with charts, on which every observed star is mapped down; and if any new object presents itself in the heavens, it is immediately subjected to a rigid scrutiny. On the very night on which Leverrier"s letter had been received, we find the telescope directed to the designated point in the heavens. A stranger appears, but has only the aspect of a fixed star. Long did the eye watch that night, but no motion was found. When twenty-four hours rolled round, and it was once more possible to fix the instrument upon this strange body, it had moved in the precise degree and direction computed. The new planet was found. The news spread with the utmost rapidity throughout the world,--all Europe was electrified, and soon the intelligence crossed the waters. Our telescope was directed to this object. All had hitherto failed,--no eye had ever seen it round and planet-like from its disk.
The evening finally came round for the examination. Time moved on its leaden wings; but twilight faded away at length, and I took my seat, with my a.s.sistant, at the instrument. I directed the telescope to that point of the heavens. I found four stars in the field of view. The first was brought to the field of view of the instrument, and p.r.o.nounced to be a fixed star; and so with the second. The third was brought forward; and before it had reached the centre of the field, I heard the exclamation, "There it is!" and there it was, as bright and beautiful as Jupiter himself. Here was a result not attained by any other instrument in the world. When we know that a body is a planet, then, and not till then, do we find the disk. The great rival of our instrument had seen it, but did not recognise it.
"Before five minutes had elapsed, the micrometical wires p.r.o.nounced its diameter to be 40,000 miles. Here were results such as no previous one had attained, I mention it, because I think it is right that our own country, which has but just commenced its career in this science, should know what is her due; and I trust the day is not far distant when we shall become as distinguished for our proficiency, for our learning, for our researches, and for our efforts in behalf of Astronomy, as we have hitherto been for our profound neglect of everything belonging to this sublime science."
So much had been recently said in England about the "Negro Pew" in Dr.
Patton"s Church that I naturally felt curious to see it for myself, resolving (if possible) to sit in it. On Sabbath morning the 21st of March I set off with my wife on this errand, taking for our guide as to the precise position of the "locality" Mr. Page"s "Letter of Apology,"--in which it was stated that in that church they treated the coloured people well; that they were elevated above the rest of the congregation, and nearer heaven; and, finally, that they occupied a position of honour, being on the right hand of the minister, as Jesus Christ was on the right hand of G.o.d! We found two coloured people--an old man and an old woman--seated in the front pew close to the minister"s right hand; and at once concluded that the section of pews at the end wall must be the favoured spot, the terrestrio-celestial elevation commonly called the "Negro Pew." We advanced, and installed our white faces in the pew immediately behind the sable couple. The old lady seemed really alarmed, and, with amusing earnestness, motioned us to take a seat elsewhere. Remonstrance was all in vain,--we were determined to sit among the happy favourites. At this time but few persons were present. By-and-by the children of the Sunday-school were marched into the neighbouring pews on the other side of the aisle, and one of the lady teachers made eager signs for us to come away from our strange position. I nodded an intimation that we were all right, and perfectly comfortable. After the lapse of a few moments, another polite and compa.s.sionate lady actually rose and came to the pew-door to remonstrate with us.
In a serious yet coaxing tone, she said, "Won"t you take a seat here on this side of the aisle?"
"No, thank you, madam," I replied; "we are quite comfortable."
"But," she continued, in a voice of deep commiseration, "this is the place allotted to the coloured people."
"Thank you," I rejoined; "we have made no mistake."
"Well, just as you please, sir!" (as though she had said _De gustibus non disputandum_) and with that she retreated.
The eyes of all in the synagogue were upon us. The little people whispered, and the big people stared, and all the people marvelled.
The morning was dark and wet, and yet (as usual) the Venetian blinds were all down. The gallery was occupied by three cla.s.ses of persons: the black people--about a dozen in number--on the "right hand," the singing people in front, and the Sunday-school children everywhere else. The regular congregation, amounting perhaps to 300, were all downstairs.
Dr. Patton ascended the pulpit-stairs with his cloak on, placed a ma.n.u.script "fresh from the mint" under the cushion, sat down, took out his pocket-handkerchief, applied it vigorously, and then gazed leisurely around.
The pulpit service commenced with a short prayer; then followed singing by the choir, all else sitting silent. The tenth chapter of Romans was read; then came the long prayer, in which the Doctor prayed for the abolition of slavery, and for the spread of the Gospel. The text, which succeeded, was Rom. x. 3, 4. Having noticed the context, the preacher proposed--
I. To explain the text. (Here he examined very critically the meaning of the Greek word [Greek: dikai-osunous], quoting Moses Stuart and others.)
II. To designate those who go about to establish their own righteousness.
III. To remonstrate against such conduct, as being unnecessary, criminal, and dangerous.
The discourse was sound and good, but every word read. The disorderly conduct of the children in the gallery proved a great annoyance; and for all the solicitude of the ladies to get us away from the vicinity of coloured skins, not one of them had the politeness to offer us either Bible or hymn-book.
This visit of ours to the "Negro Pew" was immediately laid hold of by the Abolitionists, and made to go the whole round of their papers as a "testimony against caste." This provoked into action the prolix pen of the celebrated Mr. Page, who wasted on the subject an immense quant.i.ty of ink and paper. "Page" after page did he pen; continued to do so, to my certain knowledge, for about three months after; and, for aught I know to the contrary, he may be _paging_ away to this very day. This commotion answered my purpose exceedingly well,--my object being to bear testimony against the impiousness of such a distinction and separation in the house of G.o.d. It is, however, but justice to Dr.
Patton to observe that the case is not singular, the peculiar celebrity of his "Negro Pew" arising entirely from the imbecile and somewhat profane apology volunteered by Mr. Page. In point of fact, Dr. Patton and his people, as I ascertained in conversation with him on the subject, are rather in advance of their neighbours in kind feeling towards the coloured people.
LETTER XXVII.
A Presbyterian Church in New York, and its Pastor--The Abbotts and their Inst.i.tution--Union Theological Seminary--Dr. Skinner"s Church--New York University--A threatening "Necessity"--Prejudice against Colour--A Fact connected with Mr. ------"s Church--Another Fact in Pennsylvania--State of Public Opinion in New York--An Interview with Dr. Spring--A Missionary Meeting in Dr. Adams"s Church.
In the evening I preached by engagement for the Rev. ------, in the ---- Presbyterian Church. It was pouring with rain, and not more than 150 persons were present. The pastor, who had visited me in a very fraternal manner, kindly proposed to devote part of the next day to showing me some of the "lions" of the city. The first place we visited was Mount Vernon, the inst.i.tution of the Abbotts. It is a seminary for young ladies, with 200 pupils. The first of the brothers to whom we were introduced was John Abbott, the author of "The Mother at Home." He is apparently 40 years of age. He introduced us to the room of the senior cla.s.s, which consisted of 30 or 40 young ladies, from 14 to 25 years of age. They were engaged in a French exercise with Jacob Abbott, the author of "The Young Christian," "The Corner Stone," "The Way for a Child," &c., &c. The exercise over, we were introduced to Mr. Jacob Abbott, and were requested to accompany him to a private sitting-room.
I found him an exceedingly pleasant and una.s.suming man. He is 43 years of age, but looks younger. He wrote both "The Young Christian" and "The Corner Stone" when he was only 25. John is two years younger than Jacob; Charles, to whom also I was introduced, is younger still; and Gorham, whom I did not then see, is the youngest of the four. All are ministers, though not pastors,--all highly intellectual men, and connected more or less with this seminary, which is one of the best conducted I have ever seen. The pupils are not boarders, but they pay from 10_l._ to 15_l._ a year for their tuition alone. I subsequently made another visit to this inst.i.tution in company with my wife, upon whom Mr. Jacob Abbott had very politely called.
Mr. ------ intended to introduce me to Dr. Spring, but he was not at home. He then took me to the Union Theological Seminary. In that inst.i.tution about 120 young men are preparing for the Christian ministry. The library contains _twenty thousand_ volumes on theology alone--musty and prosy tomes! What a punishment it would be to be compelled to wade through the whole! We saw neither professors nor students. My princ.i.p.al recollection of the place is that of feeling intensely hungry, and smelling at the same time the roast beef on which, in some of the lower regions of the buildings, the young divines were regaling themselves. In vain I wished to join them in that exercise.
When we came out, my guide proposed to take me to see Dr. Robinson.
Much as I wanted to see the author of the "Greek Lexicon," and the Traveller in Palestine, there were other claims that then more urgently pressed themselves. I had breakfasted at 7, and it was now near 1. I gave my friend a hint to that effect. But he overruled it by saying, "It is close by, and won"t take us many minutes." We went, but the Doctor was not in. We were now opposite Dr. Skinner"s Church, and my friend insisted on my going to see it. It will hold about 1,000 people.
All the pews are cushioned and lined, and the place has a decided air of aristocracy about it. The school-room, the lecture-room, the vestry, &c., were very complete and convenient. "How strange," I observed to my friend, "that you should so far exceed us in the comfort of your places of worship, and at the same time be so far behind us in domestic comforts." "_That_" said he, "was the principle of the Puritans,--the house of G.o.d first, their own after." I ventured to ask him what salaries ministers in New York generally received. He told me from 1,000 to 4,000 dollars, or from 200_l._ to 800_l._ "My own," he added, "is 2,000 dollars." We were now not far from the New York University.
"You must go and see that," said he. I went, but saw nothing particular except the library, empty lecture-rooms, and chapel,--no professors. My friendly guide pointed to a portrait of Lord Lyndhurst, told me with evident pride that he was a Yankee, and marvelled at my ignorance of the fact.
From time to time I had given him hints that I was afraid of being too late for dinner at my lodgings; and when the sight-seeing was at last ended, he very coolly and complacently said, "Now, if you really think you are too late for dinner at your place, I shall be under the _necessity_ of asking you to go and take a plate with me." Those were the _ipsissima verba_. I could scarcely keep my gravity; but I replied, "Thank you, sir; I want to go to the centre of the city, and I can easily get a dinner at any eating-house." He both nodded and expressed an entire concurrence, and seemed to think it an _admirable_ arrangement. In parting, he pressed me to preach for him on the following Thursday, but I declined. The next day I was told, on unquestionable authority, that two or three years ago one of the elders of this gentleman"s church, meeting a man from South America whom he took to be a mixture of Spaniard and Indian, requested his company to church. The stranger a.s.sented, and sat with him in his pew. He liked the service, became interested, and went again and again. At last it was whispered that he was a "n.i.g.g.e.r,"--_i.e._ had a slight mixture of African blood in him. The next week a meeting of the Session was held, at which it was unanimously resolved that the intruder"s entrance into the body of the church must be prohibited. Two men were stationed at the door for that purpose. The stranger came. He was stopped, and told that he could not be allowed to enter the body of the church, there being a place up in the gallery for coloured people. The man remonstrated, and said he had been invited to take a seat in Mr.
So-and-so"s pew. "Yes," they replied, "we are aware of that; but public feeling is against it, and it cannot be allowed." The stranger turned round, burst into tears, and walked home.
Mr. Johnson, of the _Tribune_, told me that two or three years ago he and thirty or forty more were returning from an Anti-slavery Convention held at Harrisburgh in Pennsylvania. They had left by railway for Philadelphia at 3 o"clock in the morning. At a town called Lancaster they stopped to breakfast. In the company were two coloured gentlemen, one of whom was a minister. They all sat down together. Soon the waiters began to whisper, "A n.i.g.g.e.r at table!" "There is two!" The landlord quickly appeared, seized one of the coloured gentlemen by the shoulder, and asked him how he dared to sit down at table in his house.
The company remonstrated, and a.s.sured him that those whose presence appeared to be so offensive were very respectable men, friends of theirs, whom they had invited to sit down. It was all in vain. The landlord would hear nothing; "the n.i.g.g.e.rs must go." "Very well," said the rest of the company; "then we shall all go." Away they went, and left the refined landlord to console himself for the loss of a large party to breakfast. They had to travel all the way to Philadelphia before they could break their fast.
The same gentleman told me that he believed if a white man of any standing in society in New York were now to marry a coloured lady, however intelligent and accomplished, his life would be in danger,--he would be lynched for having committed such an outrage upon "public opinion." And yet the boast is ever ringing in our ears, "This is a free country--every one does as he pleases here!"
On the 24th of March I called upon Dr. Spring. He is an Old School Presbyterian, and a supporter of the Colonization Society. In the course of conversation reference was made to State Churches.
_Myself._--"You see, Doctor, State Churches are the curse of the British Empire, just as slavery is the curse of your country."
_The Doctor._--"Ah! so it is; and yet we can do nothing to remove them.
Here is our slavery,--we can"t touch it; and you cannot touch your Established Church. Do you think you will ever get rid of it?"
_Myself._--"Oh! Yes; I hope so."
_The Doctor._--"But it will be a _very_ long time before it comes to pa.s.s."
_Myself._--"Perhaps not so very long. We are rapidly hastening towards some great change. The old principle of an Establishment is now being abandoned by all parties; and we shall soon come either to the pay-all or to the pay-none principle. I am much afraid it will be the former."
_The Doctor._--"But were it to come to that, and the State would pay you as well as all the rest, you would have no further ground of complaint."
_Myself._--"Oh! but we should: we dread that above all other evils. It will be a dark day for evangelical religion in England, if ever that principle be adopted."
_The Doctor._--"Why? What harm can it do you to receive the money of the State, provided it does not infringe upon your liberties?"
_Myself._--"In the first place, it would be a departure from the law of Jesus Christ, and every departure from his law is sure to be productive of evil."
_The Doctor._--"Very true. That"s a sound principle--that every departure from his law will be productive of evil; but then, it remains to be proved that it _is_ a departure from his law. However, I am glad to see you stick so firmly to your principles."
He then went on to ask if I would preach for him next Sabbath. Now, whether he was only trying me on those points, or whether he had not studied the subject, or whether he was anxious to keep me off from the subject of slavery, I cannot tell. But I came away with my knowledge of Dr. Spring less than it was when I entered. He seemed like a cold, stiff, formal State parson.
In the evening I attended a missionary meeting in Dr. Adams"s Church.
It was the anniversary of the New York and Brooklyn Auxiliary to the Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and embraced about thirty churches. I expected great things. When I entered they were singing.
The place was little more than half-full,--say 500 persons. Three gentlemen were sitting in the pulpit. These were Dr. Adams, Dr. c.o.x, and Mr. Storrers. I looked around for the negro pew. There it was on the left of the organ, and five sable friends in it. The first speaker was Dr. Adams, who delivered a well-prepared oration of half an hour long. The Rev. Mr. Storrers, a young man, the pastor of the "Church of the Pilgrims" in Brooklyn, was the next speaker. His preparation and delivery were of the same character as those of Dr. Adams. But he possesses great mental power. He occupied exactly half an hour. Both speakers complained bitterly of diminished confidence and contributions. I forget the exact amount announced as the contribution of this auxiliary; but it was small. Dr. c.o.x, of Brooklyn, was the third speaker. He told us that the last meeting he had attended in England, a few months before, was the missionary meeting in Birmingham.
It was held in the town-hall, a magnificent building, and well filled.
He p.r.o.nounced an eloquent eulogy on John Angell James. He described the missionary breakfast in Birmingham; but, in mentioning such a thing as a "missionary breakfast," he felt it necessary to make some apology. He a.s.sured them it was not attended with the evils they might be apt to imagine would be inseparably connected with it. The fact is that missionary breakfasts are altogether unknown in America. Dr. c.o.x stated that he had often been asked in England how they managed missionary meetings in America, that the people of England held them in high estimation, that in England they depended chiefly for the support of the missionary cause upon legacies, stock, &c., while they in America were content to say, "Give us day by day our daily bread." He also mentioned Dr. Chalmers"s eulogy upon them. While in England, he (Dr.
c.o.x) and another had waited upon Sir Stratford Canning, to commend their mission at Constantinople to his kind notice, and Sir Stratford had spoken in very high terms of the American people. Thus, even at the missionary meeting, incense must be offered to national vanity.