Of Archbishop Laud and Charles the First, Marvell says:--
"I am confident the Bishop studied to do both G.o.d and his Majesty good service; but alas, how utterly was he mistaken. Though so learned, so pious, so wise a man, he seem"d to know nothing beyond Ceremonies, Armenianism, and Mainwaring. With that he begun, with that ended, and thereby deform"d the whole reign of the best prince that ever wielded the English sceptre. For his late Majesty, being a prince truly pious and religious, was therefore the more inclined to esteem and favour the clergy. And thence, though himself of a most exquisite understanding, yet he could not trust it better than in their treatment. Whereas every man is best at his own post, and so the preacher in the pulpit."[167:2]
Kings, Marvell points out to Parker, must take wider views than parsons.
""Tis not with them as with you. You have but one cure of souls, or perhaps two as being a n.o.bleman"s chaplain, to look after, and if you made conscience of discharging them as you ought, you would find you had work sufficient without writing your "Ecclesiastical Policies."
But they are the inc.u.mbents of whole kingdoms, and the rectorship of the common people, the n.o.bility, and even of the clergy. The care I say of all this rests on them, so that they are fain to condescend to many things for peace sake and the quiet of mankind that your proud heart would break before it would bend to. They do not think fit to require any thing that is impossible, unnecessary or wanton of their people, but are fain to consider the very temper of the climate in which they live, the const.i.tution and laws under which they have been formerly bred, and upon all occasions to give them good words and humour them like children. They reflect upon the histories of former times and the present transactions to regulate themselves by in every circ.u.mstance.... They (Kings) do not think fit to command things unnecessary."[168:1]
These extracts, however fatal to Marvell"s traditional reputation in the eighteenth century as a Puritan and a Republican, call for no apology.
An example of Marvell"s Interludes ought to be given. There are many to choose from.
"There was a worthy divine, not many years dead, who in his younger time, being of a facetious and unlucky humour, was commonly known by the name of Tom Triplet; he was brought up at Paul"s school under a severe master, Dr. Gill, and from thence he went to the University.
There he took liberty (as "tis usual with those that are emanc.i.p.ated from School) to tel tales and make the discipline ridiculous under which he was bred. But not suspecting the doctor"s intelligence, coming once to town he went in full school to give him a visite and expected no less than to get a play day for his former acquaintances.
But instead of that he found himself hors"d up in a trice, though he appeal"d in vain to the priviledges of the University, pleaded _adultus_ and invoked the mercy of the spectators. Nor was he let down till the master had planted a grove of birch in his back-side for the terrour and publick example of all waggs that divulge the secrets of Priscian and make merry with their teachers. This stuck so with Triplet that all his life-time he never forgave the doctor, but sent him every New Year"s tide an anniversary ballad to a new tune, and so in his turn avenged himself of his jerking pedagogue."[168:2]
Marvell"s game of picquet with a parson plays such a part in Parker"s _Reproof_ to the _Rehearsal Transprosed_ that it deserves to be mentioned:--
""Tis not very many years ago that I used to play at picket; there was a gentleman of your robe, a dignitory of Lincoln, very well known and remembered in the ordinaries, but being not long since dead, I will save his name. Now I used to play pieces, and this gentleman would always go half-a-crown with me; and so all the while he sate on my hand he very honestly "_gave the sign_" so that I was always sure to lose. I afterwards discovered it, but of all the money that ever I was cheated of in my life, none ever vexed me so as what I lost by his occasion."[169:1]
There is no need to pursue the controversy further. It is still unsettled.
Parker"s _Reproof_, published in 1673, is less argumentative and naturally enough more personal than the _Ecclesiastical Politie_. Any use I now make of it will be purely biographical. Let us see Andrew Marvell depicted by an angry parson--not in pa.s.sages of mere abuse, as _e.g._ "Thou dastard Craven, thou Swad, thou Mushroom, thou coward in heart, word and deed, thou Judas, thou Crocodile"; for epithets such as these are of no use to a biographer--but in places where Marvell is at least made to sit for the portrait, however ill-natured.
"And if I would study revenge I could easily have requited you with the Novels of a certain Jack Gentleman, that was born of pure parents and bred among cabin-boys, and sent from school to the University and from the University to the Gaming Ordinaries, but the young man, being easily rooked by the old Gamesters, he was sent abroad to gain courage and experience, and beyond sea saw the Bears of Berne and the large race of Capons at Geneva, and a great many fine sights beside, and so returned home as accomplished as he went out, tries his fortune once more at the Ordinaries, plays too high for a gentleman of his private condition, and so is at length cheated of all at Picquet." ... "And now to conclude; is it not a sad thing that a well-bred and fashionable gentleman that has frequented Ordinaries, that has worn Perukes and m.u.f.fs and Pantaloons and was once Master of a Watch, that has travelled abroad and seen as many men and countries as the famous Vertuosi, Sorbier and Coriat, that has heard the City Lions roar, that has past the Alps and seen all the Tredescin rarities and old stones of Italy, that has sat in the Porphyric Chair at Rome, that can describe the methods of the Elections of Popes and tell stories of the tricks of Cardinals, that has been employed in Emba.s.sies abroad and acquainted with Intrigues of State at home, that has read Plays and Histories and Gazettes; that I say a Gentleman thus accomplished and embellished within and without and all over, should ever live to that unhappy dotage as at last to dishonour his grey hairs and his venerable age with such childish and impotent endeavours at wit and buffoonery."--(_Reproof_, pp. 270, 274-5.)[170:1]
Marvell was very little over fifty years of his age at this time, nor is Parker"s portrait to be regarded as truthful in any other particular--yet something of a man"s character may be discovered by noticing the way he is abused by those who want to abuse him.
Marvell, though no orator, or even debater, was the stuff of which controversialists are made. In a letter, printed in the Duke of Portland"s papers, and dated May 3, 1673, he writes:--
"Dr. Parker will be out the next week. I have seen it--already three hundred and thirty pages and it will be much more. (It was five hundred twenty-eight pages.) I perceive by what I have read that it is the rudest book, one or other, that ever was published, I may say since the first invention of printing. Although it handles me so roughly, yet I am not at all amated by it. But I must desire the advice of some few friends to tell me whether it will be proper for me and in what way to answer it. However I will for mine own private satisfaction forthwith draw up an answer that shall have as much of spirit and solidity in it as my ability will afford and the age we live in will endure. I am, if I may say it with reverence, drawn in I hope by a good Providence to intermeddle on a n.o.ble and high argument. But I desire that all the discourse of my friends may run as if no answer ought to be expected to so scurrilous a book."--(_Hist. MSS. Comm., Portland Papers_, iii. 337.)
The t.i.tle-page of the Second Part of the _Rehearsal Transprosed_ is a curiosity:--
THE REHEARSALL TRANSPROS"D:
THE SECOND PART.
Occasioned by Two Letters: The first Printed by a nameless Author, Int.i.tuled, A Reproof, etc.
The Second Letter left for me at a Friends House, Dated Nov. 3, 1673. Subscribed J.G. and concluding with these words; If thou darest to Print or Publish any Lie or Libel against Doctor Parker, By the Eternal G.o.d I will cut thy Throat.
Answered by ANDREW MARVEL.
LONDON,
Printed for Nathaniel Ponder at the Peac.o.c.k in Chancery Lane near Fleet-Street, 1673.
The _Second Part_ is an exceedingly witty though too lengthy a performance. Marvell"s "companion picture" of Parker is full of matter, and of the very spirit of the times. Some of it must be given:--
"But though he came of a good mother, he had a very ill sire. He was a man bred toward the Law, and betook himself, as his best practice, to be a sub-committee-man, or, as the stile ran, one of the a.s.sistant Committee in Northamptonshire. In the rapine of that employment, and what he got by picking the teeth of his masters, he sustain"d himself till he had raked together some little estate. And then, being a man for the purpose, and that had begun his fortune out of the sequestration of the estates of the King"s Party, he, to perfect it the more, proceeded to take away their lives; not in the hot and military way (which diminishes always the offence), but in the cooler blood and sedentary execution of an High Court of Justice.
Accordingly he was preferr"d to be one of that number that gave sentence against the three Lords, Capel, Holland, and Hamilton, who were beheaded. By this learning in the Law he became worthy of the degree of a serjeant, and sometimes to go the Circuit, till for misdemeanor he was pet.i.tion"d against. But for a taste of his abilities, and the more to reingratiate himself, he printed, in the year 1650, a very remarkable Book, called "The Government of the People of England, precedent and present the same. _Ad subscribentes confirmandum, Dubitantes informandum, Opponentes convincendum_; and underneath _Multa videntur quae non sunt, multa sunt quae non videntur_. Under that ingraven two hands joyn"d, with the motto, _Ut uniamur_; and beneath a sheaf of arrows, with this device, _Vis unita fortior_; and to conclude, _Concordia parvae res cresc.u.n.t discordia dilabuntur_." A most hieroglyphical t.i.tle, and sufficient to have supplied the mantlings and atchievements of the family! By these parents he was sent to Oxford, with intention to breed him up to the ministry. There in a short time he enter"d himself into the company of some young students who were used to fast and pray weekly together; but for their refection fed sometimes on broth, from whence they were commonly called Grewellers; only it was observed that he was wont still to put more graves than all the rest in his porridge.
And after that he pick"d acquaintance not only with the brotherhood at Wadham Colledge, but with the sisterhood too, at another old Elsibeth"s, one Elizabeth Hampton"s, a plain devout woman, where he train"d himself up in hearing their sermons and prayers, receiving also the Sacrament in the house, till he had gain"d such proficience, that he too began to exercise in that Meeting, and was esteem"d one of the preciousest young men in the University. But when thus, after several years" approbation, he was even ready to have taken the charge, not of an "admiring drove or heard," as he now calls them, but of a flock upon him, by great misfortune the King came in by the miraculous providence of G.o.d, influencing the distractions of some, the good affections of others, and the weariness of all towards that happy Restauration, after so many sufferings, to his regal crown and dignity. Nevertheless he broke not off yet from his former habitudes; and though it were now too late to obviate this inconvenience, yet he persisted as far as in him was--that is, by praying, caballing, and discoursing--to obstruct the restoring of the episcopal government, revenues, and authority. Insomuch that, finding himself discountenanced on those accounts by the then Warden of Wadham, he shifted colledges to Trinity, and, when there, went away without his degree, scrupling, forsooth, the Subscription then required. From thence he came to London, where he spent a considerable time in creeping into all corners and companies, horoscoping up and down concerning the duration of the Government; not considering anything as best, but as most lasting and most profitable. And after having many times cast a figure, he at last satisfyed himself that the Episcopal Government would endure as long as this King lived; and from thence forward cast about how to be admitted into the Church of England, and find the highway to her preferments. In order to this he daily enlarged, not only his conversation, but his conscience, and was made free of some of the town-vices; imagining, like Mulea.s.ses King of Tunis (for I take witness that on all occasions I treat him rather above his quality than otherwise), that by hiding himself among the onions, he should escape being traced by his perfumes.
Ignorant and mistaken man, that thought it necessary to part with any virtue to get a living; or that the Church of England did not require and incourage more sobriety than he could ever be guilty of; whereas it hath alwayes been fruitful of men who, together with obedience to that discipline, have lived to the envy of the Nonconformists in their conversation, and without such could never either have been preserved so long, or after so long a dissipation have ever recover"d. But neither was this yet, in his opinion, sufficient; and therefore he resolv"d to try a shorter path, which some few men had trod not unsuccessfully; that is, to print a Book; if that would not do, a second; if not that, a third of an higher extraction, and so forward, to give experiment against their former party of a keen stile and a ductile judgment. His first proof-piece was in the year 1665, the _Tentamina Physico-Theologica_; a tedious transcript of his common-place book, wherein there is very little of his own, but the arrogance and the unparalleled censoriousness that he exercises over all other Writers. When he had cook"d up these musty collections, he makes his first invitation to his "old acquaintance" my lord Archbishop of Canterbury, who had never seen before nor heard of him.
But I must confess he furbishes-up his Grace in so glorious an Epistle, that had not my Lord been long since proof against the most spiritual flattery, the Dedication only, without ever reading the Book, might have serv"d to have fix"d him from that instant as his favourite. Yet all this I perceive did not his work, but his Grace was so unmindful, or rather so prudent, that the gentleman thought it necessary to spur-up again the next year with another new Book, to show more plainly what he would be at. This he dedicates to Doctor Bathurst; and to evidence from the very Epistle that he was ready to renounce that very education, the civility of which he is so tender of as to blame me for disordering it, he picks occasion to tell him: "to your prevailing advice, Sir, do I owe my first rescue from the chains and fetters of an unhappy education." But in the Book, which he calls "A free and impartial Censure of the Platonick Philosophy"
(censure "tis sure to be, whatsoever he writes), he speaks out, and demonstrates himself ready and equipp"d to surrender not only the Cause, but betray his Party without making any conditions for them, and to appear forthwith himself in the head of the contrary interest.
Which, supposing the dispute to be just, yet in him was so mercenary, that none would have descended to act his part but a divine of fortune. And even lawyers take themselves excused from being of counsel for the King himself, in a cause where they have been entertain"d and instructed by their client. But so flippant he was and forward in this book, that in despight of all chronology, he could introduce Plato to inveigh against Calvin, and from the Platoniques he could miraculously hook-in a Discourse against the Nonconformists. (_Cens. Plat. Phil._, pp. 26, 27, 28, etc.) After this feat of activity he was ready to leap over the moon; no scruple of conscience could stand in his way, and no preferment seemed too high for him; for about this time, I find that having taken a turn at Cambridge to qualifie himself, he was received within doors to be my Lord Archbishop"s other chaplain, and into some degree of favour; which, considering the difference of their humours and ages, was somewhat surprizing. But whether indeed, in times of heat and faction, the most temperate spirits may sometimes chance to take delight in one that is spightful, and make some use of him; or whether it be that even the most grave and serious persons do for relaxation divert themselves willingly by whiles with a creature that is unlucky, inimical, and gamesome,--so it was. And thenceforward the nimble gentleman danced upon bell-ropes, vaulted from steeple to steeple, and cut capers out of one dignity to another. Having thus dexterously stuck his groat in Lambeth wainscot, it may easily be conceived he would be unwilling to lose it; and therefore he concern"d himself highly, and even to jealousie, in upholding now that palace, which, if falling, he would out of instinct be the first should leave it. His Majesty about that time labouring to effect his constant promises of Indulgence to his people, the Author therefore walking with his own shadow in the evening, took a great fright lest all were agoe. And in this conceit being resolv"d to make good his figure, and that one government should not last any longer than the other, he set himself to write those dangerous Books which I have now to do with; wherein he first makes all that he will to be Law, and then whatsoever is Law to be Divinity."[176:1]
The Second Part is not all raillery. There is much wisdom in it and a trace of Machiavelli:--
"But because you are subject to misconstrue even true English, I will explain my self as distinctly as I can, and as close as possible, what is mine own opinion in this matter of the magistrate and government; that, seeing I have blamed you where I thought you blame-worthy, you may have as fair hold of me too, if you can find where to fix your accusation.
"The power of the magistrate does most certainly issue from the divine authority. The obedience due to that power is by divine command; and subjects are bound, both as men and as Christians, to obey the magistrate actively in all things where their duty to G.o.d intercedes not, and however pa.s.sively, that is, either by leaving their countrey, or if they cannot do that (the magistrate, or the reason of their own occasions hindring them), then by suffering patiently at home, without giving the least publick disturbance. But the dispute concerning the magistrate"s power ought to be superfluous; for that it is certainly founded upon his commission from G.o.d, and for the most part sufficiently fortified with all humane advantages. There are few soveraign princes so abridged, but that, if they be not contented, they may envy their own fortune. But the modester question (if men will needs be medling with matters above them) would be, how far it is advisable for a prince to exert and push the rigour of that power which no man can deny him; for princes, as they derive the right of succession from their ancestors, so they inherit from that ancient and ill.u.s.trious extraction a generosity that runs in the blood above the allay of the rest of mankind. And being moreover at so much ease of honour and fortune, that they are free from the gripes of avarice and twinges of ambition, they are the more disposed to an universal benignity toward their subjects. What prince that sees so many millions of men, either labouring industriously toward his revenue, or adventuring their lives in his service, and all of them performing his commands with a religious obedience, but conceives at the same time a relenting tenderness over them, whereof others out of the narrowness of their minds cannot be capable? But whoever shall cast his eye thorow the history of all ages, will find that nothing has alwayes succeeded better with princes then the clemency of government; and that those, on the contrary, who have taken the sanguinary course, have been unfortunate to themselves and the people, the consequences not being separable. For whether that royal and magnanimous gentleness spring from a propensity of their nature, or be acquired and confirmed by good and prudent consideration, it draws along with it all the effects of Policy. The wealth of a shepherd depends upon the mult.i.tude of his flock, the goodness of their pasture, and the quietness of their feeding; and princes, whose dominion over mankind resembles in some measure that of men over other creatures, cannot expect any considerable increase to themselves, if by continual terrour they amaze, shatter, and hare their people, driving them into woods, and running them upon precipices. If men do but compute how charming an efficacy one word, and more, one good action has from a superior upon those under him, it can scarce be reckon"d how powerful a magick there is in a prince who shall, by a constant tenour of humanity in government, go on daily gaining upon the affections of his people. There is not any privilege so dear, but it may be extorted from subjects by good usage, and by keeping them alwayes up in their good humour. I will not say what one prince may compa.s.s within his own time, or what a second, though surely much may be done; but it is enough if a great and durable design be accomplish"d in the third life; and supposing an hereditary succession of any three taking up still where the other left, and dealing still in that fair and tender way of management, it is impossible but that, even without reach or intention upon the prince"s part, all should fall into his hand, and in so short a time the very memory or thoughts of any such thing as publick liberty would, as it were by consent, expire and be for ever extinguish"d. So that whatever the power of the magistrate be in the inst.i.tution, it is much safer for them not to do that with the left hand which they may do with the right, nor by an extraordinary, what they may effect by the ordinary, way of government. A prince that goes to the top of his power is like him that shall go to the bottom of his treasure."[178:1]
And as for the "common people" he has this to say:--
"Yet neither do they want the use of reason, and perhaps their aggregated judgment discerns most truly the errours of government, forasmuch as they are the first, to be sure, that smart under them.
In this only they come to be short-sighted, that though they know the diseases, they understand not the remedies; and though good patients, they are ill physicians. The magistrate only is authorized, qualified, and capable to make a just and effectual Reformation, and especially among the Ecclesiasticks. For in all experience, as far as I can remember, they have never been forward to save the prince that labour. If they had, there would have been no Wickliffe, no Husse, no Luther in history. Or at least, upon so notable an emergency as the last, the Church of Rome would then in the Council of Trent have thought of rectifying itself in good earnest, that it might have recover"d its ancient character; whereas it left the same divisions much wider, and the Christian people of the world to suffer, Protestants under Popish governors, Popish under Protestants, rather than let go any point of interested ambition."[178:2]
FOOTNOTES:
[152:1] "But the most virulent of all that writ against the sect was Parker, afterwards made Bishop of Oxford by King James: who was full of satirical vivacity and was considerably learned, but was a man of no judgment and of as little virtue, and as to religion rather impious: after he had for some years entertained the nation with several virulent books writ with much life, he was attacked by the liveliest droll of the age, who writ in a burlesque strain but with so peculiar and entertaining a conduct that from the King down to the tradesman his books were read with great pleasure, that not only humbled Parker but the whole party, for the author of the _Rehearsal Transprosed_ had all the men of wit (or as the French phrase it all the laughers) on his side."--Burnet"s _History of his Own Time_.
[152:2] See the dedication to _A Free and Impartial Censure of the Plutonick Philosophy_, by Sam Parker, A.M., Oxford 1666. Parker was a man of some taste, and I have in my small collection a beautifully bound copy of this treatise presented by the author to Seth Ward, then Bishop of Exeter, and afterwards of Salisbury.
[165:1] Grosart, vol. iii. pp. 145-8.
[166:1] Grosart, vol. iii. pp. 155-9.
[167:1] Grosart, vol. iii. pp. 170, 210-1.
[167:2] Grosart, vol. iii. p. 211.
[168:1] Grosart, vol. iii. p. 171.
[168:2] Grosart, vol. iii. p. 63.
[169:1] Grosart, vol. iii. p. 198.
[170:1] For a still more unfriendly sketch of Andrew Marvell by the same spiteful hand, see Parker"s _History of his Own Time_, a posthumous work, first published in Latin in 1726, and in an English Translation by _Thomas Newlin_ in 1727. This book contains an interesting enumeration of the numerous conspiracies against the life and throne of Charles the Second during the earlier part of his reign, a panegyric upon Archbishop Sheldon and plentiful abuse of Andrew Marvell. Parker died in unhappy circ.u.mstances (see Macaulay"s _History_, vol. ii. p. 205), but he left behind him a pious nonjuring son, and his grandson founded the famous publishing firm at Oxford.