Chapter Twenty-one: Revelation.
Interviews: T. D. Barnes, Colonel Leghorn, Hervey Stockman, Gerald Posner, Stephen Younger, John Pike, Gene Poteat, EG&G engineer, David Myhra 1. engineers and aerodynamicists had concerns engineers and aerodynamicists had concerns: Interview with Barnes. This is educated speculation; Barnes did not work on the drone project. Coll also writes about this.
2. targeted a.s.sa.s.sination by a U.S. intelligence agency was illegal targeted a.s.sa.s.sination by a U.S. intelligence agency was illegal: December 4, 1981, President Ronald Reagan Executive Order 12333.
3. State Department gave the go-ahead State Department gave the go-ahead: Coll, Ghost Wars, Ghost Wars, 539. 539.
4. CIA and the Air Force teamed up for an unusual building project CIA and the Air Force teamed up for an unusual building project: Ibid., 534. "The Air Force ought to pay for the Afghan operation, CIA officers believed, in part because the Pentagon was learning more about the drone"s capabilities in a month than they could in a half a year of sterile testing in Nevada... Having seen the images of bin Laden walking toward the mosque at Tarnak, Black was now a vocal advocate of affixing missiles to the drone."
5. on the outer reaches of Area 51 on the outer reaches of Area 51: In Ghost Wars, Ghost Wars, Steve Coll places the mock-up "in Nevada" (549). One source interviewed by me placed the mock-up at Area 51; a second source interviewed by me placed the mock-up inside the Nevada Test and Training Range (speculating Area 52). The exact location where this took place remains cla.s.sified. Steve Coll places the mock-up "in Nevada" (549). One source interviewed by me placed the mock-up at Area 51; a second source interviewed by me placed the mock-up inside the Nevada Test and Training Range (speculating Area 52). The exact location where this took place remains cla.s.sified.
6. CIA director George Tenet decided CIA director George Tenet decided: Coll, Ghost Wars, 535. "There was a child"s swing. Families lived at Tarnak. The CIA estimated that the compound contained about one hundred women and children-bin Laden"s family and family members of some top aides." Tenet would have made the final call. 535. "There was a child"s swing. Families lived at Tarnak. The CIA estimated that the compound contained about one hundred women and children-bin Laden"s family and family members of some top aides." Tenet would have made the final call.
7. CIA drones provided intelligence for NATO forces CIA drones provided intelligence for NATO forces: Jim Garamone, "Predator Demonstrates Worth Over Kosovo," American Forces Press Service, September 21, 1999.
8. The first reconnaissance drone mission in the war on terror The first reconnaissance drone mission in the war on terror: 9/11 Commission Report, 9/11 Commission Report, 213214. 213214.
9. "a very successful tactical operation" "a very successful tactical operation": Wolfowitz"s interview with CNN anchor Maria Ressa appeared in print as "U.S. Missile Strike Kills al Qaeda Chief," CNN, November 5, 2002. Wolfowitz added, "one hopes each time you get a success like that, not only to have gotten rid of somebody dangerous, but to have imposed changes in their tactics and operations and procedures."
10. exclusive interview to the exclusive interview to the Christian Science Monitor Christian Science Monitor: Yemeni Official Says US Lacks Discretion as Ant.i.terror Partner," Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, November 12, 2002. November 12, 2002.
11. Hull spoke Arabic Hull spoke Arabic: Ibid.; Seymour Hersh, "Manhunt: The Bush Administration"s New Strategy in the War Against Terrorism," New Yorker, New Yorker, December 23, 2002. December 23, 2002.
12. Mohammed Atef, in Jalalabad, Afghanistan Mohammed Atef, in Jalalabad, Afghanistan: Peter Bergen and Katherine Tiedemann, "The Drone War: Are Predators Our Best Weapon or Worst Enemy," New Republic, New Republic, June 3, 2009. June 3, 2009.
13. targeted a.s.sa.s.sination spearheaded by the CIA targeted a.s.sa.s.sination spearheaded by the CIA: Mark Hosenball and Evan Thomas, "The Opening Shot," Newsweek, Newsweek, November 18, 2002. November 18, 2002.
14. Predator got a new designation Predator got a new designation: MQ-1B Predator, official Web site of U.S. Air Force, fact sheet.
15. company that built the Predator company that built the Predator: General Atomics Aeronautical, December 30, 2010.
16. "big differences between the Reaper and the Predator": Travis Edwards, "First MQ-9 Reaper Makes Its Home on Nevada Flightline," U.S. Air Force Public Affairs, U.S. Air Force Public Affairs, March 14, 2007. March 14, 2007.
17. Brigadier General Frank Gorenc was remotely viewing Brigadier General Frank Gorenc was remotely viewing: Major John Hutcheson, "Balad Predator Strikes Insurgents Placing Roadside Bomb Near Balad," Red Tail Flyer, Red Tail Flyer, 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, Public Affairs, Balad Air Base, Iraq, March 31, 2006, 5. 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, Public Affairs, Balad Air Base, Iraq, March 31, 2006, 5.
18. "put a weapon on a target within minutes" "put a weapon on a target within minutes": Ibid.
19. By 2009 the number of drone strikes would rise to fifty-three By 2009 the number of drone strikes would rise to fifty-three: these numbers vary. Peter Bergen and Katherine Tiedemann are considered the authorities on the subject of drone strikes. The pair keep track of numbers and provide a.n.a.lysis for organizations including New America Foundation and the New Republic New Republic magazine. magazine.
20. "These are just the a.s.sets we know about": This is because when missiles are fired it is often the work of the CIA, and CIA drone strikes are not made public. As per my interview with Pentagon officials, "That we can"t confirm or deny." State Department officials also refuse to comment on CIA drone attacks and deflect attempts to get confirmation on the CIA"s role in drone operations. While visiting Pakistan in December of 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told a group of journalists who were inquiring specifically about drone strikes, "I"m not going to comment on any particular tactic or technology." In reality, the strategic partnership between the CIA and the Air Force that began with Bissell"s CIA and LeMay"s Air Force in 1955 is back together again.
21. the Beast of Kandahar the Beast of Kandahar: Originally reported by Air & Cosmos Air & Cosmos magazine, magazine, the story was quickly picked up in the U.S. press. David Hambling, "Mysteries Surround Afghanistan"s Stealth Drone," Wired Wired magazine, Danger Room Blog, December 4, 2009; interview with unnamed Lockheed official. magazine, Danger Room Blog, December 4, 2009; interview with unnamed Lockheed official.
22. Defense Department confirmed Defense Department confirmed: Interview with secretary of the Air Force, Public Affairs Engagements Office.
23. synthetic aperture radar, or SAR synthetic aperture radar, or SAR: Sandia National Laboratories: Synthetic Aperture Radar: What is Synthetic Aperture Radar? Sandia Synthetic Aperture Radar Programs (Uncla.s.sified programs and partic.i.p.ants); thirty miles south of Area 51, at Indian Springs thirty miles south of Area 51, at Indian Springs: Physical tour of Creech Air Force Base, Indian Springs, Nevada, October 9, 2009.
25. "Wicked Problems" "Wicked Problems": "Report of the Defense Science Board, 2008 Summer Study on Capability Surprise, Volume II: Supporting Papers, January 2010. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Washington, DC, 20301-3140, chapter 2, Appendix 2-A, Wicked Problems, 12731.
26. "playing the game changes the game" "playing the game changes the game": Ibid., 127.
27. shot down one of their own shot down one of their own: Carl Hoffman, "China"s s.p.a.ce Threat: How Missiles Could Target U.S. Satellites," Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, July 2007. July 2007.
28. The official Pentagon story The official Pentagon story: Jim Garamone, "Navy to Shoot Down Malfunctioning Satellite," American Forces Press Service, February 14, 2008; "Navy Says Missile Smashed Wayward Satellite," MSNBC.com News Services, February 21, 2008; "U.S. Missile Shoots Down Satellite-But Why?" Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, February 22, 2008. February 22, 2008.
29. not required to tell the truth to Congress not required to tell the truth to Congress: Killian, Sputnik, Scientists and Eisenhower, Sputnik, Scientists and Eisenhower, 25. 25.
30. "A satellite cannot simply drop a bomb" "A satellite cannot simply drop a bomb": Ibid., 287. Killian originally wrote this as "a study of s.p.a.ce science and technology made at the request of the President for the non technical reader," which was released from the White House on March 26, 1958. "Much has been written about s.p.a.ce as a future war theatre, raising such questions as satellite bombers, military bases on the moon and so on... most of these schemes, nevertheless, appear to be clumsy and ineffective ways of doing a job. Take one example, the satellite as a bomb carrier. A satellite simply cannot drop a bomb."
31. by his own admission, was not a scientist by his own admission, was not a scientist: James Killian had only an undergraduate degree in management, as per my interview with MIT"s archivist who researched the question for me in March of 2010.
32. United States s.p.a.ce Surveillance Network United States s.p.a.ce Surveillance Network: NASA Orbital Debris Program Office, Frequently Asked Questions, July 2009, "A one-centimeter object is very hard to track": Carl Hoffman, "China"s s.p.a.ce Threat: How Missiles Could Target U.S. Satellites," Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, July 2007. July 2007.
34. "spy satellites launched into s.p.a.ce": Interview with Colonel Leghorn.
35. Leghorn founded the Itek Corporation Leghorn founded the Itek Corporation: Itek, which stood for Information (I) Technology (tek), was founded in 1957 with seed money from venture capitalist Laurance Rockefeller. Itek built Corona cameras from the beginning of the program until Corona ended in 1972. The CIA/NRO follow-on systems were contracted out to Perkin-Elmer; interviews with Colonel Leghorn, Dr. Wheelon. In his memoir, Helms wrote, "Corona flew 145 secret missions, with equally rewarding results," 267.
36. Leghorn spent decades in the commercial-satellite business Leghorn spent decades in the commercial-satellite business: U.S. Air Force official Web site, Biography of Colonel Richard Sully Leghorn, Retired, Air Force s.p.a.ce Command, W61 Earth Penetrator W61 Earth Penetrator: Leland Johnson, "Sandia Report: Tonopah Test Range Outpost of Sandia National Laboratories, SAND96-0375, UC-700," March 1996, 80.
38. launch the earth-penetrator weapon launch the earth-penetrator weapon: Nelson, "Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons," 3, figure 3.
39. and signed by five of the then seven or eight nuclear-capable countries and signed by five of the then seven or eight nuclear-capable countries: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ( The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, and Russia on September 26, 1996, in New York. The nuclear-armed states who did not sign (and as of 2011 have not signed) are India, Israel, and Pakistan. According to CTBTO, Israel has not reported testing but is generally a.s.sumed to be a nuclear-armed state. In 2006, Korea announced that it had conducted a nuclear test. Notably, the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, to which I also refer, prohibits nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, outer s.p.a.ce, and underwater but allowed for underground nuclear tests. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all all nuclear explosions, including those conducted underground. nuclear explosions, including those conducted underground.
40. Rods from G.o.d Rods from G.o.d: Eric Adams, "Rods from G.o.d," Popular Science, Popular Science, June 1, 2004. June 1, 2004.
41. "that"s enough force": Interview with Barnes.
42. "long-rod penetration" "long-rod penetration": Nelson, "Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons," 4.
43. April 1999 report April 1999 report: JSR-97-155, "Characterization of Underground Facilities." JASON, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia.
44. Los Alamos fired back Los Alamos fired back: Interview with Stephen Younger.
45. operations at the Nevada Test Site operations at the Nevada Test Site: "NSTec Contracted to Operate NNSA Test Site," United Press International, United Press International, December 22, 2008. Interview with Stephen Younger. December 22, 2008. Interview with Stephen Younger.
46. In 2006, the Senate dropped the line item In 2006, the Senate dropped the line item: CRS Report for Congress, "Bunker Busters": Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Issues, FY2005-FY2007; Domenici: RNEP Funds Dropped from Appropriations Bill," press release, Senator Pete Domenici, October 25, 2005, FY2006 hearings. From the transcript: Representative Terry Everett: "Could you please tell me directly if there"s a military need for this, for robust earthnuclear earth penetrator?" Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld: "It is a question that"s difficult to answer, because sometimes they say "military requirement." And that"s a formal process. There was no military requirement for unmanned aerial vehicles until they came along."
47. proposed to revive the NERVA program proposed to revive the NERVA program: Michael R. Williams, "Ground Test Facility for Propulsion and Power Modes of Nuclear Engine Operation," Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy, WSRC-MS-2004-00842.
48. six hundred million pages of information six hundred million pages of information: Pauline Jelinek, "U.S. Releases n.a.z.i Papers," a.s.sociated Press, November 2, 1999.
49. Many doc.u.ments about Area 51 exist in that pile Many doc.u.ments about Area 51 exist in that pile: Interviews with EG&G engineer.
50. the Roswell crash remains the Roswell crash remains: which certainly explains why the CIA and the Air Force have not been able to locate Roswell crash remains in their archives.
51. the most powerful defense contractor in the nation the most powerful defense contractor in the nation: In 1999, EG&G was acquired by the Carlyle Group. In 2002 it was acquired by URS. In 2000, EG&G formed a joint venture with Raytheon to create JT3 (Joint Test, Tactics, and Training) LLC, which provides "engineering and technical support for the Nevada Test and Training Range, the Air Force Flight Test Center, the Utah Test and Training Range, and the Electronic Combat Range." Interview with Meagan Stafford, EG&G/URS Public Relations, Sard Verbinnen & Co., July 16, 2010.
52. former dean of engineering at MIT former dean of engineering at MIT: Vannevar Bush papers located at National Security Archives, Truman Library, the Roosevelt Library, and MIT Archives; Zachary, Endless Frontier, Endless Frontier, Library of Congress, "Vannevar Bush, a Collection of His Papers in the Library of Congress," Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Library of Congress, "Vannevar Bush, a Collection of His Papers in the Library of Congress," Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
53. kidnapped by Dr. Josef Mengele kidnapped by Dr. Josef Mengele: Interview with Gerald Posner; Posner and Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story, Mengele: The Complete Story, 83. 83.
54. performed unspeakable experimental surgical procedures performed unspeakable experimental surgical procedures: Spitz, Doctors From h.e.l.l: The Horrific Account of n.a.z.i Experiments on Humans. Doctors From h.e.l.l: The Horrific Account of n.a.z.i Experiments on Humans. Spitz worked as a typist during the Nuremberg trials. Spitz worked as a typist during the Nuremberg trials. Forgiving Dr. Mengele, Forgiving Dr. Mengele, a film by Bob Hercules and Cheri Pugh (2006); CANDLES Holocaust Museum, Biography of Eva Mozes Kor. The j.a.panese also performed grotesque experiments on humans during the war. "U.S. War Department, War Crimes Office, Judge Advocate General"s Office, #770475." j.a.pan"s version of Josef Mengele, General Ishii, was pardoned by the U.S. War Crimes Office on the grounds that information regarding the grotesque medical experiments he performed would somehow benefit the United States. Although it is science fiction, a film by Bob Hercules and Cheri Pugh (2006); CANDLES Holocaust Museum, Biography of Eva Mozes Kor. The j.a.panese also performed grotesque experiments on humans during the war. "U.S. War Department, War Crimes Office, Judge Advocate General"s Office, #770475." j.a.pan"s version of Josef Mengele, General Ishii, was pardoned by the U.S. War Crimes Office on the grounds that information regarding the grotesque medical experiments he performed would somehow benefit the United States. Although it is science fiction, The Island of Dr. Moreau, The Island of Dr. Moreau, written in 1896 by H. G. Wells, tells a twisted tale of human experimentation on a remote island. written in 1896 by H. G. Wells, tells a twisted tale of human experimentation on a remote island.
55. children, dwarfs, and twins children, dwarfs, and twins: Koren and Negev, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, 85197. 85197.
56. Josef Mengele"s efforts to create a pure, Aryan race Josef Mengele"s efforts to create a pure, Aryan race: Erik Kirschbaum, "Cloning Wakes German Memories of n.a.z.i Master Race," Reuters, February 27, 1997. America is not exempt from eugenic theology; see Edwin Black, "Eugenics and the n.a.z.is: The California Connection," San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Chronicle, November 9, 2003. November 9, 2003.
57. painter named Dina Babbitt painter named Dina Babbitt: Ibid., 10331 and photographic inserts. Bruce Weber, "Dina Babbitt, Artist at Auschwitz, Is Dead at 86," New York Times, New York Times, August 1, 2009. Babbitt"s maiden name (used at Auschwitz) was Gottlieb. August 1, 2009. Babbitt"s maiden name (used at Auschwitz) was Gottlieb.
58. Dr. Martina Puzyna Dr. Martina Puzyna: Koren and Negev, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, 109. 109.
59. According to his only son, Rolf According to his only son, Rolf: Interview with Gerald Posner. Posner interviewed Rolf Mengele and was given access to 5,000 pages of Mengele"s written correspondence as well as his personal journals written after the war.
60. Mengele held up his side of the Faustian bargain Mengele held up his side of the Faustian bargain: Interview with EG&G engineer.
61. Mengele never took up residence in the Soviet Union Mengele never took up residence in the Soviet Union: Interview with Posner.
62. Eileen Welsome wrote a newspaper story Eileen Welsome wrote a newspaper story: Eileen Welsome, "The Plutonium Files: America"s Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War," Albuquerque Tribune, Albuquerque Tribune, November 1993. November 1993.
63. direct violation of the Nuremberg Code direct violation of the Nuremberg Code: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. Nuremberg Code: (1). The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. (2). The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. Full text available at President Clinton opened an investigation President Clinton opened an investigation. The advisory committee was made of fourteen members who reported to the president through a cabinet-level group called the Human Radiation Interagency Working Group, and it included the secretaries of defense and energy (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission) as well as the attorney general and the director of the CIA. The committee was dissolved in October of 1995 after publishing its findings. Today, the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), a Department of Energy office, maintains a Web site. Of its efforts, DOE says, "We have undertaken an intensive effort to identify and catalogue relevant historical doc.u.ments from DOE"s 3.2 million cubic feet of records scattered across the country." Given that there are approximately 2,000 pages of doc.u.ments in a single cubic foot, it is telling that a record search for "EG&G" at the HSS/DOE database delivers a paltry 500 doc.u.ments.
Epilogue.
Interviews: Colonel Leghorn, Ed Lovick, EG&G engineer, David Myhra 1. Army Air Forces commemorative yearbook Army Air Forces commemorative yearbook: This is the government-issued "Official Report, Task Force 1.52" and is meant to look like a high school yearbook.
2. The U.S. government spent nearly two billion dollars The U.S. government spent nearly two billion dollars: Atomic Audit, Atomic Audit, 102. "Operation Crossroads was an astonishing $1.3 billion [circa 1996 dollars], far more than any of the subsequent thermonuclear tests conducted during the 1950s." 102. "Operation Crossroads was an astonishing $1.3 billion [circa 1996 dollars], far more than any of the subsequent thermonuclear tests conducted during the 1950s."
3. Truman"s closest advisers Truman"s closest advisers: "Potsdam and the Final Decision to Use the Bomb," Department of Energy Archives ( "During the second week of Allied deliberations at Potsdam, on the evening of July 24, 1945, Truman approached Stalin without an interpreter and, as casually as he could, told him that the United States had a "new weapon of unusual destructive force." Stalin showed little interest, replying only that he hoped the United States would make "good use of it against the j.a.panese." The reason for Stalin"s composure became clear later: Soviet intelligence had been receiving information about the atomic bomb program since fall 1941."
4. Stalin"s black propaganda hoax Stalin"s black propaganda hoax: Interview with EG&G engineer.
5. "a warning shot across Truman"s bow" "a warning shot across Truman"s bow": Interview with EG&G engineer. The engineer says this information was relayed to him by his EG&G boss, who had been given the information by a government superior. One cannot rule out the possibility that the elite EG&G engineers were given false information as a means of coercing them into partic.i.p.ating in a morally reprehensible program; in 1951, there was no greater enemy to the free world than Joseph Stalin. Until Russia opens its UFO archives, Stalin"s side of the story will remain unknown, but since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Stalin"s interest in UFOs has come to light. In Korolev, Korolev, Professor James Harford discusses an incident where Stalin asked his chief rocket designer, Sergei Korolev, to study UFOs (See Professor James Harford discusses an incident where Stalin asked his chief rocket designer, Sergei Korolev, to study UFOs (See here here, here here). In 2002, Pravda.ru ran a story called "Stalin"s UFOs," identifying the dictator"s Roswell/UFO research team as "mathematician Mstislav Keldysh, chemist Alexander Topchiyev, and physician [sic] Sergey [sic] Korolev." Other ufologists identify Stalin"s UFO team as Sergei Korolev, missile designer and inventor of Sputnik; Igor Kurchatov, father of Russia"s atomic bomb; and Mstislav Keldysh, mathematician, theoretician, and s.p.a.ce pioneer (see photographic insert).
6. "Hitler invented stealth," says Gene Poteat "Hitler invented stealth," says Gene Poteat: Interview with Gene Poteat. Also from Poteat"s partic.i.p.ation in the CIA"s Oxcart panel discussion at the National Air and s.p.a.ce Museum, Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, September 24, 2010.
7. Whatever happened to the Horten brothers Whatever happened to the Horten brothers: Interview with David Myhra.
8. captured by the U.S. Ninth Army on April 7, 1945 captured by the U.S. Ninth Army on April 7, 1945: Myhra, The Horten Brothers and Their All Wing Aircraft, The Horten Brothers and Their All Wing Aircraft, 229. 229.
9. London high-rise near Hyde Park London high-rise near Hyde Park: Ibid., 230.
10. Theodore von Karman Theodore von Karman: National Aviation Hall of Fame, biography, Theodore von Karman. Myhra, The Horten Brothers and Their All Wing Aircraft, The Horten Brothers and Their All Wing Aircraft, 230. 230.
11. tapes can be found tapes can be found: National Air and s.p.a.ce Museum, Archives Division, Reimar and Walter Horten Interviews, Accession No. 1999-0065.
12. "Reimar had me agree to two restrictions": Interview with David Myhra.
13. 2010 Freedom of Information Act request 2010 Freedom of Information Act request: Letter, October 29, 2010, to Ms. Annie Jacobsen from Nathan L. Mitch.e.l.l, a.s.sistant to the General Counsel, Department of the Army, Office of the General Counsel, 104 Army Pentagon, Washington DC.
14. another [important] engineer another [important] engineer: The name of this engineer and his employment with EG&G during the 1950s have been verified with other former EG&G employees.
15. empty lot of asphalt empty lot of asphalt: The lot is adjacent to the buildings identified as EG&G"s original Las Vegas headquarters in a film about the history of the Nevada Test Site, funded by the National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office: "When EG&G first moved to Las Vegas, their headquarters were located on "A" Street now called Commerce."
16. "Little wooden discs": Interview with Ed Lovick.
17. sworn affidavit sworn affidavit: "Dead Airman"s Affidavit: Roswell Aliens Were Real." Fox News.com, July 3, 2007. accessed December 30, 2010.
18. "It"s difficult": Written correspondence with Bob Lazar, 2010.
19. hidden inside secret "Restricted Data" files hidden inside secret "Restricted Data" files: Interview with EG&G engineer.
20. Vannevar Bush Vannevar Bush: To further understand Vannevar Bush, I reviewed his papers, letters, and hand-edited drafts of his articles, books, and monographs from three major collections: Vannevar Bush, "A Collection of His Papers in the Library of Congress," Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Vannevar Bush, "Office of Scientific Research and Development," National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland; Vannevar Bush Papers, Carnegie Inst.i.tute, Washington, DC.
21. human experiments to study the effects human experiments to study the effects: The trials involved high concentrations of lewisite and mustard gas. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report, 98; 98; Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, 6669. 6669.
22. "Although the human subjects": Ibid., 66.
23. Dixon Inst.i.tute... Feeble-Minded Dixon Inst.i.tute... Feeble-Minded: Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report, Chapter Seven, Nontherapeutic Research on Children, 320351. Dr. Susan Lederer, Chapter Seven, Nontherapeutic Research on Children, 320351. Dr. Susan Lederer, Military Medical Ethics, Military Medical Ethics, Volume 2, "The Cold War and Beyond: Covert and Deceptive American Medical Experiments," 514. Lederer, a Clinton committee staff member, cites D. J. Rothman, Volume 2, "The Cold War and Beyond: Covert and Deceptive American Medical Experiments," 514. Lederer, a Clinton committee staff member, cites D. J. Rothman, Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making, Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making, Basic Books, 1991. Basic Books, 1991.
24. letter-number designation of S-1 letter-number designation of S-1: Gosling, The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb, The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb, 10. 10.
25. JT3 JT3: From the company Web site ( accessed October 18, 2010. "The Department of Defense (DoD) has merged the engineering and technical support management of several western ranges into one organization to streamline support for test and training customers. In response to this challenge, URS (URS) and Raytheon Technical Services Company (RTSC) formed JT3, a Limited Liability Company (LLC) dedicated to supporting Joint Range Technical Services (J-Tech) requirements. We are experts at a.s.sisting our customers and other contractors in the planning, preparation, and execution of test projects and training missions."
AUTHOR I INTERVIEWS AND B BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PRIMARY INTERVIEWS.
The individuals listed below, by birth year, did many things in their long careers. Noted are topics we discussed during our interviews. All military officers and intelligence agency personnel are retired.
Helen Kleyla (1913 ). Longtime secretary to CIA deputy director Richard Bissell. (1913 ). Longtime secretary to CIA deputy director Richard Bissell.