After the Sheardowns had gone, the houseguests were on their own for a day or so, but felt nervous about what they might do if a person came to the door or the phone rang. At that point, Taylor gave Lucy the task of taking care of the six, and he left his place to move in with them. However, since Lucy was busy during the day helping Taylor at the emba.s.sy, a Canadian MP, known as Junior, was sent over to watch the house while Lucy was away.
The six Americans were a bit surprised by the Sheardowns" hasty departure. But it also raised their suspicions that a plan might be in the works to get them out. Mark reasoned that since Zena didn"t have diplomatic immunity, it only made sense that she would leave before any sort of rescue operation was attempted. Earlier clues as to the possibility of their escape had come when Taylor had discussed the issue of whether they wanted to use Canadian or U.S. doc.u.mentation. The mere fact that the question had been asked had indicated to the houseguests that a plan of some sort was being put together. However, since neither Sheardown nor Taylor had given them confirmation that someone was coming to get them out, they tried not to get their hopes up.
Back in Frankfurt, Julio and I spent the afternoon of January 22 going over our operations plan. For weeks OTS had been debriefing travelers and collecting uptothe-minute intelligence on Iranian doc.u.ment controls at Mehrabad Airport.
When you have worked in this business as long as I have, you come to realize that every airport, departure lounge, and gate has its own feel. Depending on what part of the world you are in, there are certain cultural and professional mores that come into play concerning how an airport runs. How organized is the staff? Are they literate, or well trained? Do they respond to threats or is it better to flatter them? Are bribes permissible? Is there a watch list? What are the things that customs agents might be looking for? What is the layout of the airport like? Over time it"s possible to develop a sixth sense on how to deal with certain situations. In India, for instance, if confronted by a customs agent about a missing doc.u.ment, you might act indignant and blame the other guy: "How should I know where that doc.u.ment is? It"s your form! The guy in New Delhi didn"t give it to me, so it"s your problem-not mine." Such a ploy would never have worked, though, in the former Czechoslovakia, where border agents were feared for their iron efficiency during the Cold War.
Nine times out of ten, the immigration officers would be illiterate or poorly trained, while the customs agents were top-notch. In that case it would be wise to know the types of items that the customs agents were keying in on. Once, when I had flown into another city on the subcontinent for an exfiltration, I had placed copies of Playboy and Time in my suitcase where they were easily accessible, knowing that these would be obvious distractions. Sure enough, I was stopped, as I knew I would be, and when the first customs agent saw the Playboy magazine his eyebrows shot up. "Take it," I said. The next agent frowned when he saw the Time magazine. That particular issue had a very negative article in it about the official religion of the country I was traveling to. "This is forbidden," the second agent said. "It"s yours!" I responded. Then, without waiting for them to continue their search, I quickly closed my suitcase and moved on. I had several visa stamps and nearly ten thousand dollars in cash hidden in a secret compartment.
When it came to the controls at Tehran"s Mehrabad Airport, the biggest concern we had was with a two-sheet disembarkation/embarkation form that went back to the repressive days of SAVAK. The form was printed on "no carbon required" (NCR) paper. Upon arrival, each person had to fill one out, at which point the immigration official would keep the white top sheet while the traveler retained the yellow copy. In theory, when the traveler then left the country, he or she would have to hand over the yellow sheet so the immigration official could then match it to the saved white one to see if there were any irregularities. Since we were planning on forging this yellow form, we would essentially be taking a risk. Due to the capricious nature of the komiteh men at the airport, there was no telling whether the immigration officials would take the time to compare our yellow forms with their nonexistent white counterparts.
In order to minimize this risk, we had been collecting as much intelligence as was humanly possible on the controls at Mehrabad to see if they were matching these forms.
There are basically two ways to collect information on airports. One is pa.s.sive and the other is to send in a probe. An example of pa.s.sive collection would be a traveler noting things he or she might see while just pa.s.sing through; then, upon returning, he or she would fill out a detailed report. This act of collecting intelligence is fairly low risk, since the traveler is not really going beyond the usual procedures of travel. Early on in the hostage crisis we had sent an all-points cable asking for anyone transiting through Mehrabad to monitor the controls.
Once we had identified the gaps in our intelligence-the "known unknowns," as you might say-we would move on to the second method, which is to send in a probe. In this case you are usually trying to test out a specific theory or concept.
By mid-January, the CIA had been able to place several officers into Tehran who were collecting intelligence on a variety of things, including Mehrabad. The most prominent of these officers was Bob, the old OSS operative who had been brought out of retirement to run the intelligence support for Eagle Claw. Bob was essentially one of our nonofficial cover men, or NOCs, and he had been tasked with reconnoitering the emba.s.sy and setting up a trucking company as part of Eagle Claw. The trucks were to be used to transport the Delta Force commandos to the U.S. emba.s.sy in Tehran as part of the final a.s.sault. Bob was a true professional who could speak several foreign languages and adopt just about any cover he needed. For this mission he was traveling on real doc.u.ments from an Eastern European country, and so in no way could he be traced back to the CIA. For the purposes of our operation, Bob had become a huge a.s.set as well. His job required that he frequently come and go, and he was often pa.s.sing through our OTS office in Europe, reporting on what he had seen at the airport. Bob also had individuals working under him in Iran, who were busy collecting intelligence.
Beyond this, of course, the Canadians had also been a great help. Early on in the crisis, I had asked Amba.s.sador Taylor to inform any of his personnel transiting through the airport to a.s.sist in our intelligence-gathering capabilities. On my trips to Ottawa, I had been able to debrief several of the Canadian MPs who had come through the airport, and the information the Canadians provided proved to be invaluable.
All of this intelligence painted a picture of the challenges that we would face in trying to get the houseguests out through Mehrabad. The first time I had gone through the airport to rescue RAPTOR, I had noted that the regular customs official had been replaced by a komiteh thug. By late January it appeared as though the Iranians were slowly getting their act together. Still, our best information was telling us that the Iranians were not matching up the white and yellow immigration forms at the airport. I hoped we would be able to get in and out with the houseguests before that changed.
On the morning of January 23, I drove with one of our female disguise officers to Bonn, to obtain my visa. I was in alias as Kevin and had brought with me the Argo portfolio, which I planned to use to wow the Iranian immigration officials. I had altered my appearance with a simple disguise and wore a green turtleneck and tweed blazer, which I would continue to wear throughout the operation.
As we approached the Iranian emba.s.sy in Bonn, I was a little concerned to see that the emba.s.sy of my ostensible country of origin was right across the street. If the Iranians chose to do so, it would be perfectly proper for them to send me back to my own emba.s.sy to get a letter of introduction before they would grant me a visa. If such a thing happened, it would be a real test of my ability to pull off my cover. I was dropped off down the block, then walked back to the entrance of the Iranian consular section.
The reception area was a large, dull room that contained a few straight wooden-backed chairs along with some Persian carpets strewn about on the floor. A row of clerestory windows ran along the upper portion of one of the walls but offered little in the way of natural light. Instead, the s.p.a.ce was lit by a series of dim fluorescent bulbs that gave it a gloomy, almost foreboding quality, like something you might see in a Hitchc.o.c.k movie. A half-dozen visa applicants were sitting in the chairs filling out applications, while a handful of young Revolutionary Guards in civilian clothes were standing around scrutinizing everyone with hard looks. It was only then that I realized that, stupidly, I had left the portfolio in the car when I was dropped off. I still had my alias pa.s.sport and other personal ident.i.ty doc.u.ments, but I was furious with myself. Fuming, I sat down to fill out the forms and went to the clerk"s window to give them to the consular official. The disheveled clerk scrutinized me in the c.o.c.ksure manner of a zealot convinced of his own superiority. I could tell he was eager to show me that he belonged to a komiteh and was suspicious of all westerners.
When people ask me what it is like to play an alias, I always tell them that it"s very similar to being a good liar. The trick is that you have to believe the lie and believe it so much that the lie becomes the truth. In other words, as I walked into the consulate as Kevin, I wasn"t pretending to be Kevin. I was Kevin, and he was me.
For me, there are two basic approaches to role playing: doing it by feel and doing it in a controlled manner. Normally I"m a bit of a control freak, but when it comes to role playing, I tend to be a wingit kind of guy. But if you are not on edge when you are standing in front of an immigration officer and putting down your alias doc.u.ments, then you"re not really ready. When you can fool a person into thinking you are someone else, it feels very powerful being the only one who is in the know.
"What"s the purpose of your visit?" the clerk asked me, scratching his beard.
"A business meeting with my a.s.sociates at the Sheraton Hotel in Tehran," I said in my best northern European accent. "They are flying in from Hong Kong tomorrow and are expecting me."
"Why didn"t you get your visa in your home country?" he asked me, now seeming to be bored with the transaction and just going through the motions.
I explained how I"d been traveling through Germany when my boss had sent me a telex informing me of the meeting. I shrugged. "I didn"t have time to head home."
The clerk thought about it and nodded twice. Twenty minutes later I was on my way out the door with a one-month Iranian visa stamped into my alias pa.s.sport. I hadn"t even needed the Argo portfolio, but I had gotten lucky and I knew it.
Back in Frankfurt, Julio and I made final additions to the ops plan, the details of the visa acquisition, the plan for infiltration by Julio and me, and the escape and evasion (E&E) portion of the plan. This last part was a necessary component, although we all knew that if anything went wrong, the chances of executing an escape and evasion were practically nonexistent. The security at Mehrabad was overwhelming, and armed. There would be no chance to second-guess ourselves once we had committed to the departure. At that point the only way out of the airport would be on a flight.
We chose to fly out of Zurich because we wanted to arrive in Tehran on an early morning flight when the terminal at Mehrabad was quiet. We also wanted to fly on Swissair because of its reliable record. In addition, the Air France flight that we would doc.u.ment the houseguests as having arrived on landed at Mehrabad at almost the same time as our own flight. This meant that the houseguests would have ostensibly gone through immigration on the same day as us. The signatures and ink colors of the immigration entries would be identical to those in our own pa.s.sports, which would provide genuine exemplars for us to copy later.
When everything was set, we filed a FLASH cable that included our final operations plan, requesting permission to launch. It was standard procedure to request headquarters" approval before proceeding.
While Julio and I waited, we were given a cryptic message by one of the local case officers that somebody wanted to meet with us. We took a walk down the hallway and into an empty office, where our contact Bob stood waiting. Having just returned from Tehran, he gave us some last-minute intelligence on the controls at Mehrabad. He then looked us up and down to make sure we were appropriately attired. Satisfied, he nodded and said, "You"ll do fine." It may not seem like much, but this was high praise coming from a legend in the spy world who had once parachuted behind enemy lines during World War II to work with resistance groups. I took it as a good sign that our operation had just been given a blessing from one of the masters of our craft.
Within half an hour of sending our cable, a response had arrived from the director of central intelligence, saying: "Your mission is approved. Good Luck." Spies are not ones to get overly dramatic, especially among their colleagues. I turned to Julio and the two of us locked eyes. There was nothing to be said. We were both professionals and knew the risks. He reached out his hand to shake mine. This was a bit out of character for him, and I smiled thinly. "See you in Tehran," I said.
As per our plan, I would be the first to depart. As I headed out the door for the Frankfurt flughafen, Al, the deputy chief, came sprinting down the hall. "Hold up," he said. "The president is making a finding." He turned to me, looking slightly perplexed. "What does it mean?"
"I think it means he"s making a decision," I replied.
The chief of the office joined Al, Julio, and me in one of their offices. The chief paced back and forth, chewing on his cigar, running his fingers through his thinning hair, obviously nervous. Al, on the other hand, was very composed. I had a pretty good feeling about this operation and thought the president would be happy with it. The U.S. government didn"t have much else-not that we knew of, at least. I was calm, like the lull in the eye of a storm.
The communicator walked the next message down the hall to us. We were in a knot in the middle of the office when he burst through the door. "It"s a go!" he exclaimed with a grin before even reaching us, a breach of operational etiquette that we were only too happy to forgive. A commo guy should never verbalize the contents of a message.
The message had two lines: "The President of the United States approves your mission. Good luck." I stared at it for a second taking that in. It"s not often that you get a personal message from the president on one of your missions. If there was ever a sign that we were about to embark on a high-stakes operation, here it was. The president-and if it went bad, the world-would be watching.
Then I was out the door, driven to the Frankfurt airport by a colleague from graphics to catch my Lufthansa flight to Zurich. The president had thrown a slight monkey wrench into my tight schedule, but it looked like I would just make it.
I arrived in Zurich around ten o"clock that night, and my connecting Swissair flight to Tehran was set to leave at one o"clock in the morning. The flight to Tehran was fairly full, as indicated by the number of people in the transit lounge. As it turned out, the Swissair flight was going to be the last one out of Zurich that evening.
While I waited, I had a moment to reflect. Despite all the planning we had done, there was no way to be certain about a single thing in Iran. Many of the country"s official positions had been taken over by untrained thugs. In some ways this was a huge advantage for us, because they often didn"t know what they were supposed to be doing-in fact, you could sometimes even show them what needed to be done. On the other hand, this meant that we couldn"t expect the opposition to be acting rationally. In Moscow, for instance, if an officer was ever captured, he would usually be PNG"d. The Soviets would take a picture of the offending officer and publish it in the national newspaper, Izvestia, declaring him persona non grata, then kick him out of the country. I knew, however, that in Iran such civilities would be nonexistent. When I"d exfiltrated RAPTOR, the country had been dangerous but the mood different. Back then the U.S. emba.s.sy was still in one piece and Americans could come and go freely. Now, however, the entire country seemed united behind one purpose: directly engaging in revenge on America and the CIA. I was under no illusions as to what would happen to me or Julio if they found us out.
I walked over to a large set of windows that looked out onto the tarmac. I stood there for a few seconds watching a 747 taxi past, when suddenly I became aware of my reflection in the gla.s.s. I was dressed in my Kevin Costa Harkins disguise and I noticed the absence of my wedding ring. Instinctively I felt for it, remembering my promise to Karen. Is this something I really want to do? I asked myself. Do I want to go back to Iran and risk the possibility that the revolutionaries are "expecting" me? I could feel my body trembling as I went through what we always called the "gut check." The idea is that you make your operational plan as good as it can get, and when you get to the ninetieth percentile of confidence, you know you are ready. So the question was: Am I there? Am I at or above the ninetieth percentile? Lives were at stake-not just the houseguests" but also Julio"s and my own. Beyond that, who knew what kind of retribution the militants would take against the hostages, or the Canadians, for that matter. Even though espionage operations always try to balance the use of clandestine resources against the risk of human lives, President Carter and his national security advisers had already made those calculations at the White House. For the moment, however, I would have to block out all that. My concerns were relatively simple. Could I get in and rescue the Americans safely?
There was an unwritten rule at the CIA that gave the officer on the ground the option of aborting an operation when he or she believed it would fail. There was no shame in backing out. It was just another way of encouraging risk a.s.sessment at the last moment, and it had saved many lives.
I stood there weighing my options. I opened the Argo portfolio and flipped through the resumes of the houseguests. One of the questions that had been put to me as a part of the interview process way back in 1965 when I had joined the CIA was: "What if you got in a situation where you just disappeared and n.o.body knew where you were?" My response was immediate: "Try to find me." Even though I had never met these six Americans, I knew that, because it was in my power, I had to do whatever I could to help them, regardless of any reservations I had about my own safety. It was the same thing I would expect someone to do for me, and one of the reasons I had the confidence to put myself in harm"s way.
And just like that, the momentary uncertainty I had been feeling about the mission pa.s.sed, replaced by a kind of euphoria as the stress left my body. This was a good ops plan and we were ready, I thought. At that point I was committed to doing whatever I had to do to make it work.
Just then, an announcement over the public address system said that the Swissair flight I was about to board had been canceled due to weather at Mehrabad Airport. Murphy"s law had struck.
I made a sterile phone call-a call to a European number not registered with any phone company-to Julio to let him know. "I"m languishing in Zurich," I said. We agreed to stick to Julio"s schedule the following day and enter Iran together-again, not perfect, though it"d have to do.
After that I went out and hailed a taxi and went to a hotel, where I slept like a baby.
The following afternoon, Julio arrived from Frankfurt and the two of us joined up in the departure lounge. Both of us had our game faces on, and together we boarded the flight to Tehran.
13
ON LOCATION IN IRAN
Our plane touched down in Mehrabad at five o"clock in the morning on Friday, January 25. As we taxied on the tarmac, I could see that piles of ash-colored snow had been shoved to either side of the runway. Even at this early hour, the air hung heavy with the smoke from the wood fires burning throughout the city. As the engines shut down and the stairs were wheeled up to the aircraft, I could see a few of the pa.s.sengers shifting nervously in their seats. I noticed that some of the women who were previously uncovered had donned black chadors, a reminder that we were about to enter into a world with its own rules. Other pa.s.sengers stared straight ahead. I was certain the revolution had touched all their lives in some way. I watched an anxious man gnaw at his fingernails. What was he worried about? As we sat there the cabin was oddly quiet, so much so that when the door was finally opened I could hear the loud click of the lock. Then one by one, we all got to our feet.
Julio and I disembarked in the frigid morning air and made our way into the terminal. There was not much to distinguish Mehrabad from a hundred other Middle Eastern airports, except, perhaps, for a hint of art deco in the bal.u.s.trades mounted around its exterior. It was a low, sprawling, concrete box, and typically packed during the morning and afternoon hours.
We quickly filled out our yellow and white disembarkation/embarkation forms, which were lying in stacks on nearby tables inside the arrivals lounge. Since it would be Julio"s job to fill out these forms for the houseguests later, he surrept.i.tiously grabbed a few extra copies using a little sleight of hand. Walking up to the table, he set his newspaper, the Frankfurter Allgemeine, down on top of a stack of the forms. He then filled out one for himself, rearranged his hand luggage, and in one motion picked up his newspaper with the forms underneath. Folding the newspaper in half, he then stuffed it into his attache case and was done.