"Absolutely negative insofar as his special clairvoyance was concerned. It"s gone."
"Hmm-How about the control tests?"
"The Humm-Wadsworth Temperament Test showed exactly the same profile as before the accident, within the inherent limits of accuracy of the technique. His intelligence quotient came within the technique limit, too. a.s.sociation tests didn"t show anything either. By all the accepted standards of neuropsychology he is the same individual, except in two respects; he"s minus a chunk of his cortex, and he is no longer able to see around corners. Oh, yes, and he"s annoyed at losing that ability."
After a pause she answered, "That"s pretty conclusive, isn"t it?"
Huxley turned to Coburn. "What do you think, Ben?"
"Well, I don"t know. You are trying to get me to admit that that piece of grey matter I cut out of his head gave him the ability to see in a fashion not possible to normal sense organs and not accounted for by orthodox medical theory, aren"t you?"
"I"m not trying to make you admit anything. I"m trying to find out something."
"Well, since you put it that way, I would say if we stipulate that all your primary data were obtained with care under properly controlled conditions-"
"They were."
"-and that you have exercised even greater care in obtaining your negative secondary data-"
"I have. d.a.m.n it, I tried for three weeks under all conceivable conditions."
"Then we have the inescapable conclusions, first-" He ticked them off on his fingers. "-that this subject could see without the intervention of physical sense organs; and second, that this unusual, to put it mildly, ability was in some way related to a portion of his cerebrum in the dexter lobe."
"Bravo!" This was Joan"s contribution. "Thanks, Ben," acknowledged Phil. "I had reached the same conclusions, of course, but it"s very encouraging to have someone else agree with me. " "Well, now that you are there, where are you?" "I don"t know exactly. Let me put it this way; I got into psychology for the same reason a person joins a church-because he feels an overpowering need to understand himself and the world around him. When I was a young student, I thought modern psychology could tell me the answers, but I soon found out that the best psychologists didn"t know a d.a.m.n thing about the real core of the matter. Oh, I am not disparaging the work that has been done; it was badly needed and has been very useful in its way. None of "em know what life is, what thought is, whether free will is a reality or an illusion, or whether that last question means anything. The best of "em admit their ignorance; the worst of them make dogmatic a.s.sertions that are obvious absurdities-for example some of the mechanistic behaviorists that think just because Pavlov could condition a dog to drool at the sound of a bell that, therefore, they knew all about how Paderewski made music!"
Joan, who had been lying quietly in the shade of the big liveoaks and listening, spoke up. "Ben, you are a brain surgeon, aren"t you?"
"One of the best," certified Phil.
"You"ve seen a lot of brains, furthermore you"ve seen "em while they were alive, which is more than most psychologists have. What do you believe thought is? What do you think makes us tick?"
He grinned at her. "You"ve got me, kid. I don"t pretend to know. It"s not my business; I"m just a tinker."
She sat up. "Give me a cigaret, Phil. I"ve arrived just where Phil is, but by a different road. My father wanted me to study law. I soon found out that I was more interested in the principles behind law and I changed over to the School of Philosophy. But philosophy wasn"t the answer. There really isn"t anything to philosophy. Did you ever eat that cotton -candy they sell at fairs? Well, philosophy is like that-it looks as if it were really something, and it"s awfully pretty, and it tastes sweet, but when you go to bite it you can"t get your teeth into it, and when you try to swallow, there isn"t anything there. Philosophy is word-chasing, as significant as a puppy chasing its tail.
"I was about to get my Ph.D. in the School of Philosophy, when I chucked it and came to the science division and started taking courses in psychology. I thought that if I was a good little girl and patient, all would be revealed to me. Well, Phil has told us what that leads to. I began to think about studying medicine, or biology. You just gave the show away on that. Maybe it was a mistake to teach women to read and write."
Ben laughed. "This seems to be experience meeting at the village church; I might as well make my confession. I guess most medical men start out with a desire to know all about man and what makes him tick, but it"s a big field, the final answers are elusive and there is always so much work that needs to be done right now, that we quit worrying about the final problems. I"m as interested as I ever was in knowing what life, and thought, and so forth, really are, but I have to have an attack of insomnia to find time to worry about them. Phil, are you seriously proposing to tackle such things?"
"In a way, yes. I"ve been gathering data on all sorts of phenomena that run contrary to orthodox psychological theory-all the junk that goes under the general name of metapsychics-telepathy, clairvoyance, so-called psychic manifestations, clair-audience, levitation, yoga stuff, stigmata, anything of that sort I can find."
"Don"t you find that most of that stuff can be explained in an ordinary fashion?"
"Quite a lot of it, sure. Then you can strain orthodox theory all out of shape and ignore the statistical laws of probability to account for most of the rest. Then by attributing anything that is left over to charlatanism, credulity, and self-hypnosis, and refuse to investigate it, you can go peacefully back to sleep."
"Occam"s razor," murmured Joan.
"Huh?"
"William of Occam"s Razor. It"s a name for a principle in logic; whenever two hypotheses both cover the facts, use the simpler of the two. When a conventional scientist has to strain his orthodox theories all out of shape, "til they resemble something thought up by Rube Goldberg, to account for unorthodox phenomena, he"s ignoring the principle of Occam"s Razor. It"s simpler to draw up a new hypothesis to cover all the facts than to strain an old one that was never intended to cover the non-conforming data. But scientists are more attached to their theories than they are to their wives and families."
"My," said Phil admiringly, "to think that that came out from under a permanent wave."
"If you"ll hold him, Ben, I"ll beat him with this here thermos jug."
"I apologize. You"re absolutely right, darling. I decided to forget about theories, to treat these outcast phenomena like any ordinary data, and to see where it landed me."
"What sort of stuff," put in Ben, "have you dug up, Phil?"
"Quite a variety, some verified, some mere rumor, a little of it carefully checked under laboratory conditions, like Valdez. Of course, you"ve heard of all the stunts attributed to Yoga. Very little of it has been duplicated in the Western Hemisphere, which counts against it, nevertheless a lot of odd stuff in India has been reported by competent, cool-minded observers- telepathy, accurate soothsaying, clairvoyance, fire walking, and so forth."
"Why do you include fire walking in metapsychics?"
"On the chance that the mind can control the body and other material objects in some esoteric fashion."
"Hmm."
"Is the idea any more marvelous than the fact that you can cause your hand to scratch your head? We haven"t any more idea of the actual workings of volition on matter in one case than in the other. Take the Tierra del Fuegans. They slept on the ground, naked, even in zero weather. Now the body can"t make any such adjustment in its economy. It hasn"t the machinery; any physiologist will tell you so. A naked human being caught outdoors in zero weather must exercise, or die. But the Tierra del Fuegans didn"t know about metabolic rates and such. They Just slept-nice, and warm, and cozy."
"So far you haven"t mentioned anything close to home. If you are going to allow that much lat.i.tude, my Grandfather Stonebender had much more wonderful experiences."
"I"m coming to them. Don"t forget Valdez."
"What"s this about Ben"s grandfather?" asked Joan.
"Joan, don"t ever boast about anything in Ben"s presence. You"ll find that his Grandfather Stonebender did it faster, easier, and better."
A look of more-in-sorrow-than-in-anger shone out of Coburn"s pale blue eyes. "Why, Phil, I"m surprised at you. If I weren"t a Stonebender myself, and tolerant, I"d be inclined to resent that remark. But your apology is accepted."
"Well, to bring matters closer home, besides Valdez, there was a man in my home town, Springfield, Missouri, who had a clock in his head."
"What do you mean?"
"I mean he knew the exact time without looking at a clock. If your watch disagreed with him, your watch was wrong. Besides that, he was a lightning calculator-knew the answer instantly to the most complicated problems in arithmetic you cared to put to him. In other ways he was feeble-minded."
Ben nodded. "It"s a common phenomenon-idiots savant."
"But giving it a name doesn"t explain it. Besides which, while a number of the people with erratic talents are feeble-minded, not all of them are. I believe that by far the greater per cent of them are not, but that we rarely hear of them because the intelligent ones are smart enough to know that they would be annoyed by the crowd, possibly persecuted, if they let the rest of us suspect that they were different."
Ben nodded again. "You got something there, Phil. Go ahead."
"There have been a lot of these people with impossible talents who were not subnormal in other ways and who were right close to home. Boris Sidis, for example-"
"He was that child prodigy, wasn"t he? I thought he played out?"
"Maybe. Personally, I think he grew cagy and decided not to let the other monkeys know that he was different. In any case he had a lot of remarkable talents, in intensity, if not in kind. He must have been able to read a page of print just by glancing at it, and he undoubtedly had complete memory. Speaking of complete memory, how about Blind Tom, the negro pianist who could play any piece of music he had ever heard once? Nearer home, there was this boy right here in Los Angeles County not so very many years ago who could play ping-pong blindfolded, or anything else, for which normal people require eyes. I checked him myself, and he could do it. And there was the "Instantaneous Echo.
"You never told me about him, Phil," commented Joan. "What could he do?"
"He could talk along with you, using your words and intonations, in any language whether he knew the language or not. And he would keep pace with you so accurately that anyone listening wouldn"t be able to tell the two of you apart. He could imitate your speech and words as immediately, as accurately, and as effortlessly as your shadow follows the movements of your body."
"Pretty fancy, what? And rather difficult to explain by behaviorist theory. Ever run across any cases of levitation, Phil?"
"Not of human beings. However I have seen a local medium-a nice kid, non-professional, used to live next door to me-make articles of furniture in my own house rise up off the floor and float. I was cold sober. It either happened or I was hypnotized; have it your own way. Speaking of levitating, you know the story they tell about Nijinsky?"
"Which one?"
"About him floating. There are thousands of people here and in Europe (unless they died in the Collapse) who testify that in Le Spectre de la Rose he used to leap up into the air, pause for a while, then come down when he got ready. Call it ma.s.s hallucination-I didn"t see it."
"Occam"s Razor again," said Joan.
"So?"
"Ma.s.s hallucination is harder to explain than one man floating in the air for a few seconds. Ma.s.s hallucination not proved-mustn"t infer it to get rid of a troublesome fact. It"s comparable to the "There aint no sech animal" of the yokel who saw the rhinoceros for the first time."
""Maybe so. Any other sort of trick stuff you want to hear about, Ben? I got a million of"em."
"How about forerunners, and telepathy?"
"Well, telepathy is positively proved, though still unexplained, by Dr. Rhine"s experiments. Of course a lot of people had observed it before then, with such frequency as to make questioning it unreasonable. Mark Twain, for example. He wrote about it fifty years before Rhine, with doc.u.mentation and circ.u.mstantial "detail. He wasn"t a scientist, but he had hard common sense and shouldn"t have been ignored. Upton Sinclair, too. Forerunners are a little harder. Every one has heard dozens of stories of hunches that came true, but they are hard to follow up in most cases. You might try J. W. Dunne"s Experiment with Time for a scientific record under controlled conditions of forerunners in dreams."
"Where does all this get you, Phil? You aren"t just collecting Believe-it-or-nots?"
"No, but I had to a.s.semble a pile of data-you ought to look over my notebooks-before I could formulate a working hypothesis. I have one now."
"Well?"
"You gave it to me-by operating on Valdez. I had begun to suspect sometime ago that these people with odd and apparently impossible mental and physical abilities were no different from the rest of us in any sense of abnormality, but that they had stumbled on potentialities inherent in all of us. Tell me, when you had Valdez" cranium open did you notice anything abnormal in its appearance?"
"No. Aside from the wound, it presented no special features."
"Very well. Yet when you excised that damaged portion, he no longer possessed his strange clairvoyant power. You took that chunk of his brain out of an uncharted area-no known function. Now it is a primary datum of psychology and physiology that large areas of the brain have no known function. It doesn"t seem reasonable that the most highly developed and highly specialized part of the body should have large areas with no function; it is more reasonable to a.s.sume that the functions are unknown. And yet men have had large pieces of their cortices cut out without any apparent loss in their mental powers-as long as the areas controlling the normal functions of the body were left untouched.
"Now in this one case, Valdez, we have established a direct connection between an uncharted area of the brain and an odd talent, to wit, clairvoyance. My working hypothesis comes directly from that: All normal people are potentially able to exercise all (or possibly most) of the odd talents we have referred to-telepathy, clairvoyance, special mathematical ability, special control over the body and its functions, and so forth. The potential ability to do these things is lodged in the una.s.signed areas of the brain."
Coburn pursed his lips. "Mmm-I don"t know. If we all have these wonderful abilities, which isn"t proved, how is it that we don"t seem able to use them?"
"I haven"t proved anything-yet. This is a working hypothesis. But let me give you an a.n.a.logy. These abilities aren"t like sight, hearing, and touch which we can"t avoid using from birth; they are more like the ability to talk, which has its own special centers in the brain from birth, but which has to be trained into being. Do you think a child raised exclusively by deaf-mutes would ever leam to talk? Of course not. To outward appearance he would be a deafmute."
"I give up," conceded Cob.u.m. "You set up an hypothesis and made it plausible. But how are you going to check it? I don"t see any place to get hold of it. It"s a very pretty speculation, but without a working procedure, it"s just fantasy."
Huxley rolled over and stared unhappily up through the branches. "That"s the rub. I"ve lost my best wild talent case. I don"t know where to begin."
"But, Phil," protested Joan. "You want normal subjects, and then try to develop special abilities in them. I think it"s wonderful. When do we start?"
"When do we start what?"
"On me, of course. Take that ability to do lightning calculations, for example. If you could develop that in me, you"d be a magician. I got bogged down in first year algebra. I don"t know the multiplication tables even now!"
CHAPTER THREE.
"Every Man His Own Genius"
"Shall we get busy?" asked Phil.
"Oh, let"s not," Joan objected. "Let"s drink our coffee in peace and let dinner settle. We haven"t seen Ben for two weeks. I want to hear what he"s been doing up in San Francisco."
"Thanks, darling," the doctor answered, "but I"d much rather hear about the Mad Scientist and his Trilby."
"Trilby, h.e.l.l," Huxley protested, "She"s as independent as a hog on ice. However, we"ve got something to show you this time, Doc."
"Really? That"s good. What?"
"Well, as you know, we didn"t make much progress for the first couple of months. It was all up hill. Joan developed a fair telepathic ability, but it was erratic and unreliable. As for mathematical ability, she had learned her multiplication tables, but as for being a lightning calculator, she was a washout."
Joan jumped up, crossed between the men and the fireplace, and entered her tiny Pullman kitchen. "I"ve got to sc.r.a.pe these dishes and put them to soak before the ants get at "em. Talk loud, so I can hear you.
"What can Joan do now, Phil?"
"I"m not going to tell you. You wait and see. Joan! Where"s the card table?"
"Back of the couch. No need to shout. I can hear plainly since I got my Foxy Grandma Stream-lined Ear Trumpet."
"Okay, wench, I found it. Cards in the usual place?"
"Yes, I"ll be with you in a moment." She reappeared whisking off a giddy kitchen ap.r.o.n, and sat down on the couch, hugging her knees. "The Great Gaga, the Ghoul of Hollywood is ready. Sees all, knows all, and tells a darnsight more. Fortunetelling, teethpulling, and refined entertainment for the entire family."
"Cut out the clowning. We"ll start out with a little straight telepathy. Throw every thing else out of gear. Shuffle the cards, Ben."
Coburn did so. "Now what?"
"Deal "em off, one at a time, letting you and me see "em, but not Joan. Call "em off, kid."
Ben dealt them out slowly. Joan commenced to recite in a singsong voice, "Seven of diamonds; jack of hearts; ace of hearts; three of spades; ten of diamonds; six of clubs; nine of spades; eight of clubs-"
"Ben, that"s the first time I"ve ever seen you look amazed."
"Right through the deck without a mistake. Grandfather Stonebender couldn"t have done better."
"That"s high praise, chum. Let"s try a variation. and sit out this one. Don"t let me see them. I don"t know how it will work, as we never worked with anyone else. Try it."
A few minutes later Coburn put down the last card. "Perfect! Not a mistake."