FROM BARBER TO SURGEON
From the ancient but humble position of the barber is evolved the surgeon of modern times. Perhaps some members of the medical profession would like to ignore the connection, but it is too true to be omitted from the pages of history. The calling of a barber is of great antiquity. We find in the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel (v. 1) allusions to the Jewish custom of the barber shaving the head as a sign of mourning. In the remote past the art of surgery and the trade of barber were combined. It is clear that in all parts of the civilised world, in bygone times, the barber acted as a kind of surgeon, or, to state his position more precisely, he practised phlebotomy, the dressing of wounds, etc. Their shops were general in Greece about 420 B.C., and then, as now, were celebrated as places where the gossips met.
Barbers settled in Rome from Sicily in B.C. 299.
The clergy up to about the twelfth century had the care of men"s bodies as well as their souls, and practised surgery and medicine. Barbers gained much experience from the monks, whom they a.s.sisted in surgical operations. The practice of surgery involved the shedding of blood, and it was felt that this was incompatible with the functions of the clergy. After much consideration and discussion, in 1163, the Council of Tours, under Pope Alexander III., forbade the clergy to act as surgeons, but they were permitted to dispense medicine.
The Edict of Tours must have given satisfaction to the barbers, and they were not slow to avail themselves of the opportunities the change afforded them. In London, and it is to be feared in other places, the barbers advertised their blood-letting in a most objectionable manner.
It was customary to put blood in their windows to attract the attention of the public. An ordinance was pa.s.sed in 1307 directing the barbers in London to have the blood "privately carried into the Thames under the pain of paying two shillings to the use of the Sheriffs."
At an early period in London the barbers were banded together, and a gild was formed. In the first instance it seems that the chief object was the bringing together of the members at religious observances. They attended the funerals and obits of deceased members and their wives.
Eventually it was transformed into a semi-social and religious gild, and subsequently became a trade gild. In 1308 Richard le Barber, the first master of the Barbers" Company, was sworn at the Guildhall, London. As time progressed the London Company of Barbers increased in importance.
In the first year of the reign of Edward IV. (1462) the barbers were incorporated by a Royal Charter, and it was confirmed by succeeding monarchs.
A change of t.i.tle occurred in 1540, and it was then named the Company of Barber-Surgeons. Holbein painted a picture of Henry VIII. and the Barber-Surgeons. The painting is still preserved, and may be seen at the Barber-Surgeons" Hall, Monkwell Street, London. Pepys p.r.o.nounces this "not a pleasant though a good picture." It is the largest and last work of Holbein.
The date a.s.signed for its commencement was 1541, and it was completed after the death of the artist in 1543. It is painted on vertical oak boards, 5 ft. 11 in. high, and 10 ft. 2 in. long. It has been slightly altered since it was delivered to the Barber-Surgeons. The figures represent notable men belonging to the company and leaders of the healing art of the period at which it was painted.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Henry VIII. receiving the Barber-Surgeons.]
In the reign of Henry VIII., not a few disputes occurred between the barbers and the surgeons. The following enactment was in force: "No person using any shaving or barbery in London shall occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter, except of drawing teeth." Laws were made, but they could not, or at all events were not, enforced. The barbers acted often as surgeons, and the surgeons increased their income by the use of the razor and shears. At this period, however, vigorous attempts were made to confine each to his legitimate work.
The Rev. J.L. Saywell has a note on bleeding in his "History and Annals of Northallerton" (1885). "Towards the early part of the nineteenth century," observes Mr Saywell, "a singular custom prevailed in the town and neighbourhood of Northallerton (Yorkshire). In the spring of the year nearly all the robust male adults, and occasionally females, repaired to a surgeon to be bled--a process which they considered essentially conduced to vigorous health." The charge for this operation was one shilling.
Parliament was pet.i.tioned, in 1542, praying that surgeons might be exempt from bearing arms and serving on juries, and thus be enabled without hindrance to attend to their professional duties. The request was granted, and to the present time medical men enjoy the privileges granted so long ago.
In 1745, the surgeons and the barbers were separated by Act of Parliament. The barber-surgeons lingered for a long time, the last in London, named Middleditch, of Great Suffolk Street, Southwark, only dying in 1821. Mr John Timbs, the popular writer, left on record that he had a vivid recollection of Middleditch"s dentistry.
Over the last resting-places of some barber-surgeons are curious epitaphs. At Tewkesbury Abbey one in form of an acrostic is as follows:--
"Here lyeth the body of Thomas Merrett, of Tewkesbury, Barber-chirurgeon, who departed this life the 22nd day of October 1699.
=T=hough only Stone Salutes the reader"s eye, =H=ere (in deep silence) precious dust doth lye, =O=bscurely Sleeping in Death"s mighty store, =M=ingled with common earth till time"s no more.
=A=gainst Death"s Stubborne laws, who dares repine, =S=ince So much Merrett did his life resigne.
=M=urmurs and Tears are useless in the grave, =E=lse hee whole Vollies at his Tomb might have.
=R=est in Peace; who like a faithful steward, =R=epair"d the Church, the Poore and needy cur"d; =E=ternall mansions do attend the Just, =T=o clothe with Immortality their dust, =T=ainted (whilst under ground) with wormes and rust."
Under the shadow of the ancient church of Bakewell, Derbyshire, is a stone containing a long inscription to the memory of John Dale, barber-surgeon, and his two wives, Elizabeth Foljambe and Sarah Bloodworth. It ends thus:--
"Know posterity, that on the 8th of April, in the year of grace 1757, the rambling remains of the above John Dale were, in the 86th yeare of his pilgrimage, laid upon his two wives.
This thing in life might raise some jealousy, Here all three lie together lovingly, But from embraces here no pleasure flows, Alike are here all human joys and woes; Here Sarah"s chiding John no longer hears, And old John"s rambling Sarah no more fears; A period"s come to all their toylsome lives The good man"s quiet; still are both his wives."
BYGONE BEARDS
The history of the beard presents many items of interest connected with our own and other countries. Its importance belongs more to the past than to the present, but even to-day its lore is of a curious character.
We find in Leviticus xiii. 29, the earliest mention of our theme, where Moses gives directions for the treatment of a plague in the beard, and a little later he forbids the Israelites to "mar the corners" of it.
David, himself bearded, tells us that Aaron possessed one going down to the skirts of his garments. In David"s reign amba.s.sadors were sent to the King of Ammon, who, treating them as spies, cut off half of each of their beards. We are told that they were greatly ashamed, and David sent out to meet them, saying, "Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return." To shave off the beard was considered by the Jews as a mark of the deepest grief.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Bayeux Tapestry.
The above picture, showing two soldiers of William the Conqueror"s army, is taken from the celebrated Bayeux tapestry.]
To turn to the annals of our own land, we find that the ancient Britons did not cultivate the beard. The Saxons wore the hair of the head long, and upon the upper lip, but the chin was clean shaven. Harold, in his progress towards the fateful field of Hastings, sent spies in advance to obtain an idea as to the strength of the enemy. On their return they stated among other things that "the host did almost seem to be priests, because they had all their face and both their lips shaven," a statement borne out by the representations of the Norman soldiers in the Bayeux tapestry. It is recorded that when the haughty victors had divided the broad lands of England among themselves, and when the Englishmen had been made to feel that they were a subdued and broken nation, the conquered people still kept up the old fashion of growing their hair long, so that they might resemble as little as possible their cropped and shaven masters.
Julius II., who ascended the Papal throne in 1503, was the first Pope to allow his beard to grow, "in order," as he said, "to inspire the greater respect among the faithful." A curious custom of the Middle Ages was that of imbedding three hairs from the king"s beard in the wax of the seal, in order to give greater solemnity to the doc.u.ment. Another instance of the value placed on this adornment of nature by some nations comes to us in the story of the Eastern potentate to whom the King of England had sent a man without a beard as his amba.s.sador. The Eastern monarch flew into a pa.s.sion when the beardless visitor was presented.
"Had my master measured wisdom by the beard," was the ready retort, "he would have sent a goat."
It is said that beards came into fashion in England in the thirteenth century, but by the nineteenth century they seem to have been given up by those holding leading positions in the land. Traces of beards do not appear on monumental bra.s.ses. A revival of the practice of wearing the beard occurred in the reign of Henry VIII., and in some quarters attempts were made to repress it. The authorities at Lincoln"s Inn prohibited lawyers wearing beards from sitting at the great table, unless they paid double commons; but it is highly probable that this was before 1535, when the king ordered his courtiers to "poll their hair,"
and permit the crisp beard to grow. Taxing beards followed, and the amount was graduated according to the condition of the person wearing this hirsute adornment. An entry has often been reproduced from the Burghmote Book of Canterbury, made in the second year of the reign of Edward VI., to the effect that the Sheriff of Canterbury and another paid their dues for wearing beards, 3s. 4d. and 1s. 8d. During the next reign, Queen Mary does not appear to have meddled with the beard. She sent four agents to Moscow, and all were bearded; one of the number, George Killingworth, had an unusually long one, measureing 5ft. 2in. in length, the sight of which caused a smile to light up the face of Ivan the Terrible. It is described as a thick, broad, and yellow beard, and we are told that Ivan played with it after dinner as if it were a new toy. When Sir Thomas More laid his head on the block he carefully put his beard aside, saying, "It hath done no treason." John Knox (born 1505 and died 1572), the famous Scottish reformer, whose name figures so largely in the religious annals of his country, was remarkable for the length of his beard. The Rev. John More was a native of Yorkshire, and after being educated at Cambridge settled at Norwich. He was one of the worthiest clergymen in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and gained the name of "the Apostle of Norwich." His beard was the largest and longest of any Englishman of his time. He used to give as his reason for wearing his beard of unusual size "that no act of his life might be unworthy of the gravity of his appearance." He died at Norwich in 1592.
[Ill.u.s.tration: John Knox, born 1505, died 1572.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: John Taylor, the Water Poet, born 1580, died 1654.]
In the first year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth an attempt was made to add to the revenue by taxing at the rate of 3s. 4d. every beard of above a fortnight"s growth. It was an abortive measure, and was not taken seriously. It was never enforced, and people laughed at the Legislature for attempting to raise money by means of the beard. In Elizabeth"s reign it was considered a mark of fashion to dye the beard and to cut it into a variety of shapes. In the reigns of the first James and the first Charles these forms attracted not a little attention from the poets of the period. The rugged lines of Taylor, "the Water Poet," are among the best known, and if not of great poetical merit, they show considerable descriptive skill, and enable us to realise the fashions of his day. In his "Superbiae Flagellum," he describes a great variety of beards in his time, but omitted his own, which is that of a screw:--
"Now a few lines to paper I will put, Of men"s beards strange, and variable cut, In which there"s some that take as vain a pride As almost in all other things beside; Some are reap"d most substantial like a brush, Which makes a nat"rel wit known by the bush; And in my time of some men I have heard, Whose wisdom have been only wealth and Beard; Many of these the proverb well doth fit, Which says, bush natural, more hair than wit: Some seem, as they were starched stiff and fine, Like to the bristles of some angry swine; And some to set their love"s desire on edge, Are cut and prun"d like a quickset hedge; Some like a spade, some like a fork, some square, Some round, some mow"d like stubble, some stark bare; Some sharp, stiletto fashion, dagger-like, That may with whisp"ring, a man"s eyes outpike; Some with the hammer cut, or roman T, Their Beards extravagant, reform"d must be; Some with the quadrate, some triangle fashion, Some circular, some oval in translation; Some perpendicular in longitude; Some like a thicket for their cra.s.situde; That heights, depths, breadths, triform, square, oval, round, And rules geometrical in Beards are found."
[Ill.u.s.tration: Lord Mayor of York escorting Princess Margaret through York in 1503. Shows the Beard of the Lord Mayor.]
Some curious lines appear in "Satirical Songs and Poems on Costume,"
edited by Frederick W. Fairholt, F.S.A., printed for the Percy Society, 1849. The piece which is ent.i.tled "The Ballad of the Beard," is reprinted from a collection of poems, ent.i.tled "Le Prince d"Amour,"
1660, but it is evidently a production of the time of Charles I., if not earlier. "The varied form of the beard," says Fairholt, "which characterised the profession of each wearer, is amusingly descanted on, and is a curious fact in the chronicle of male fashions, during the first half of the seventeenth century." Taylor, the Water Poet, has alluded to the custom at some length; and other writers of the day have so frequently mentioned the same thing, as to furnish materials for a curious (privately-printed) pamphlet, by J.A. Repton, F.S.A., on the various forms of the beard and mustachio. The beard, like "the Roman T,"
mentioned in the following ballad, is exhibited in our cut--Fig. 1--from a portrait of G. Raigersperg, 1649, in Mr Repton"s book.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Beards in the Olden Time]
The stiletto-beard, as worn by Sir Edward c.o.ke, is seen in Fig. 2. The needle-beard was narrower and more pointed. The soldier"s, or spade-beard, Fig. 3, is from a Dutch portrait, also in Mr Repton"s book.
The stubble, or close-cropped beard of a judge, requires no pictorial ill.u.s.tration. The bishop"s-beard, Fig. 4, is given in Randle Holme"s "Heraldry." He calls it "the broad, or cathedral-beard, because bishops, and grave men of the church, anciently did wear such beards." "The beard of King Harry may be seen in any portrait of Henry VIII. and the amusing accuracy of the description tested. The clown"s beard, busy and not subject to any fashionable tr.i.m.m.i.n.g, is sufficiently described in the words of the song." We quote nearly the whole of this old ballad, in fact all that has a real bearing on the subject of the beard:--
"The beard, thick or thin, on the lip or chin, Doth dwell so near the tongue, That her silence on the beard"s defence May do her neighbour wrong.
Now a beard is a thing that commands in a king, Be his sceptres ne"er so fair: Where the beard bears the sway, the people obey, And are subject to a hair.
"Tis a princely sight, and a grave delight, That adorns both young and old; A well thatcht face is a comely grace, And a shelter from the cold.
When the piercing north comes thundering forth, Let barren face beware; For a trick it will find, with a razor of wind, To shave the face that"s bare.
But there"s many a nice and strange device, That doth the beard disgrace; But he that is in such a foolish sin, Is a traitor to his face.
Now the beards there be of such a company, And fashions such a throng, That it is very hard to handle a beard, Tho" it never be so long.