He was ready to plunge back in-when he got another call that changed his life. For the moment, Aceh would have to be put on the back burner . . . though he would return to it later.
THE MIDDLE EAST PEACE PROCESS.
The call came from a.s.sistant Secretary of State Bill Burns, a friend from Zinni"s time at CENTCOM, a few weeks after he returned from Geneva. "Could you meet me for lunch to discuss a project that"s brewing?" Burns asked. Zinni"s answer, of course, was yes.
Tom Clancy: Tony Zinni takes the story the rest of the way.
Burns, an Arabic speaker and Middle East expert, was head of the Near East Affairs Bureau at State. When I was at CENTCOM, he had been U.S. amba.s.sador to Jordan-and one of our finest amba.s.sadors in the region (greatly trusted by King Hussein and later by King Abdullah).
We lunched on August 27, 2001, at a Washington restaurant. There, my friend dropped a bomb: The Bush administration was about to sail against the conventional wisdom and seriously attempt to reengage in the Middle East peace process.
According to that wisdom, the Bush White House wanted to distance themselves from the Mideast snakepit. In 2000, the Clinton administration had failed to bring negotiations at Camp David between Ya.s.ser Arafat (the Palestinian leader) and Ehud Barak (the Israeli Prime Minister) to a successful conclusion. They had no desire to repeat that failure . . . or to suffer the resulting disastrous political fallout.
After the Camp David meetings broke down, the situation in the Mideast crashed. Barak lost his job and was replaced by Ariel Sharon; and Clinton failed to get the process back on track during the last days of his presidency. In September 2000, the Second Intifada reignited the cycles of violence that had plagued the region before the series of talks begun in the late "90s had raised expectations.
As Burns and I continued our conversation, I came to understand that the President"s position had not in fact greatly changed; he was still understandably cautious. The inspiration for this new initiative, I gathered, was coming from Colin Powell, the Secretary of State, who clearly saw that it was critical for the United States to reengage. He was supported in this initiative by a core of senior people, like Bill Burns, at the State Department.
The Secretary had taken his concerns to the President, who had approved cautious and tentative moves at a very low level. (We were then only a few days from the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which would change everything.) In the recent past, the American approach had been to send high-visibility special envoys to mediate between the Israelis and Palestinians, with attendant media attention and inflated expectations. After the collapse of the Clinton-sponsored peace talks, former Senator George Mitch.e.l.l had traveled to Israel with a political plan, and CIA Director George Tenet had followed with a security plan.
Tenet"s aim was to bring the security situation on the ground back to where it was in September 2000, at the beginning of the Second Intifada. The Israelis would pull out of the areas they had occupied since then, they would move checkpoints, and the Palestinian workers would come back into Israel. For their part, the Palestinians would crack down on extremists, make arrests, and confiscate weapons.
Once everything had been restored to the September 2000 position, the two parties could then move forward on Mitch.e.l.l"s more political plan, which was designed to build confidence and move forward on political issues such as freezing the settlements the Israelis had been building on the West Bank and in Gaza. Eventually, they"d return to final status issues, like the status of Jerusalem, the right of return, the final status of the settlements . . . all of the issues on which President Clinton, Barak, and Arafat had locked horns at Camp David.
Both Israelis and Palestinians had "agreed" to these proposals "in principle," but implementing them had gone nowhere. As I was to learn, you could paper the walls with agreements. Getting them implemented on the ground was another matter; both sides disregarded them.
This time the approach was going to be softer and less visible. There would be no special envoy. Amba.s.sador Burns was going to quietly run the mediation mission out of his own shop. Since he had to run the whole region, not just this one process, he was looking for someone he knew and trusted, with knowledge, experience, stature, and solid personal relationships in the region, who would become his semiofficial a.s.sistant, working closely with him and filling in when he had to turn his attention elsewhere. This person would become a part-time right hand, who could take over and oversee the process when he was away.
The goal, Burns went on to explain, was to reengage without making a big deal of it. Everyone knew what needed to be done and where we needed to go; and the Mitch.e.l.l and Tenet plans already went a long way toward spelling all this out (as did the various agreements, near agreements, and accords already reached in Madrid, Oslo, and elsewhere). There was no need to create another big plan or to launch another big effort. What needed to be done was already out there. It had to be won or lost on the ground.
Burns and Powell wanted a few people to go over there and work out with the two parties how to actually structure the existing agreements, and to find the best way to set these up and implement them. These people would start up the process, feel it out, and then oversee it.
What I think Burns had in mind for me was to start the initial movement; and then, as the process moved along, if a bigger player was needed in there to close deals or whatever, he would come and take the lead. When he was not able to be present, but they still needed somebody with clout who could ride herd on this thing, then I would fill in for him.
"Are you willing to take this on?" he asked.
How could I not be excited? This was a job worth doing. Even if nothing lasting came of it-which was all too likely.
"Great!" I told him. "I"m not real familiar with all the issues or many of the people involved in this thing; but I"d really love to get involved in it."
"I"d love to see you involved," he said. "Let"s see what we can do to make it happen."
And he continued: "What I"m talking about is a kind of unusual setup here at State. We"ll have to figure out how we structure our arrangement."
"Well, look," I said, "I have some thoughts on that. First of all, I don"t want to be paid for this thing. That way I can keep some measure of independence. I want to be able to do what I have to do, say what I have to say, and not feel that somebody"s going to accuse me of doing this for gain.
"Second, I don"t want a t.i.tle. I don"t want to be called envoy or anything else.
"Third, we ought to keep this low-key. There shouldn"t be a lot of publicity about me doing this. I"m just a part-time special a.s.sistant who happens to be there with you.
"Let"s absolutely do this thing. But let"s do it with no pay, no t.i.tle, no press, no media attention, and no making a big deal of it."
He agreed that was the best arrangement. "I"ll take these ideas to Secretary Powell and see what he says."
"Great," I said.
DAYS Pa.s.sED. I waited restlessly for Bill Burns"s call, which would take us to the next step. I was very eager to find out my actual function and the nature of my mission-all still unclear. I waited restlessly for Bill Burns"s call, which would take us to the next step. I was very eager to find out my actual function and the nature of my mission-all still unclear.
As I waited, I did my usual thing when I took on something new; I read everything about the Israeli-Palestinian problem that I could get my hands on.
During the same period, I worked with Bill Burns"s people to structure my official relationship with the State Department. The lawyers drew up a contract. It turned out that even a no-pay employee is still bound by conflict-of-interest and ethics rules, which rightfully limited other things I might have done.
I have to confess that my refusal to take pay did not totally spring from altruistic motives, such as my wish for independence, or from my hope to be a wonderful servant of the nation (though these motives were important). This job was going to be part-time; and I was involved in other work that brought in paychecks. If I accepted pay from State, I"d have to give up these other positions. The ethics and conflict-of-interest rules still prevented me from taking on certain jobs; and everything I did had to be vetted and cleared by the government and the State Department. Was it worth it? Absolutely.
TWO WEEKS after my initial meeting with Bill Burns, on September 11, 2001, the world changed drastically. after my initial meeting with Bill Burns, on September 11, 2001, the world changed drastically.
In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, the Bush administration looked anew at reengagement in the peace process. Their approach changed, and expanded. According to Amba.s.sador Burns, the rate of these changes was accelerating. He couldn"t be specific, but the nature of the peace initiative was no longer what we had discussed. I sensed that my own part in all this was also changing.
On the twenty-third of October, I attended a series of briefs at the State Department on the background of the peace process and an update on the current situation; and I was instructed to stay ready to travel quickly after the design of my mission was firmed up. How exactly it was going to be firmed up was still not clear to me.
On November 10, 2001, President Bush delivered a historic speech before the UN General a.s.sembly in which he committed to the establishment of a Palestinian state-the first time a President of the United States had done that. The objective of the peace process, he told the delegates, is two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side. This was a very controversial and bold statement.
I was very impressed. The reengagement effort we were about to start promised to be more momentous than I had first thought.
The President"s speech was to be followed by a major speech from Secretary Powell on the nineteenth at the University of Louisville that would add specifics to the President"s general principles.
Shortly before the Louisville event, Amba.s.sador Burns called to tell me that Powell"s remarks would trigger our departure for Israel, though he couldn"t actually tell me what this meant for me and what we were going to do. . . . He was not keeping this from me; he truly didn"t know the answer. All he-or anybody-did know was that Powell"s speech would be the defining moment; yet right up to the eleventh hour, n.o.body was sure what the moment would define.
The day before the speech, Burns faxed me a rough copy of the speech, but with a caveat attached: These pages are not yet final-but they are close.
I read the pages, and, bang!, I got knocked off my feet.
"Holy cow," I said to myself. "There"s a big piece in this thing about me: I"ve got a big new t.i.tle now! I"m the Special Advisor to the Secretary of State for the Middle East! So much for all our hopes about not making a big deal of my mission. There goes our no-t.i.tle and no-publicity agreement." (They kept my no-pay arrangement.) Suddenly, for all practical purposes I"d become another special envoy. Powell had inflated my position into something I didn"t want it to be-not because I am all that modest, but because I wasn"t convinced it would work (an opinion later justified by events). On the other hand, I was excited to learn that the administration"s level of commitment and involvement had moved way up. I really liked it that Secretary Powell had showed what was called the path: We"d try to put the Tenet and Mitch.e.l.l plans in play on the ground, and this, we hoped, would lead to the final status agreement, and then finally to the Palestinian state. We now had a horizon. The peace process was beginning to look promising.
The speech generated a lot of media excitement; my phone rang off the hook; and there was nothing I could tell anybody. I just didn"t know any answers. What was my job?
ON NOVEMBER 21, I visited the State Department for further briefings and administrative processing in preparation for my initial trip, scheduled for the twenty-fifth; but my most important business at Foggy Bottom that day was the marching orders I got from Secretary Powell and Deputy Secretary Armitage. They gave me tremendous lat.i.tude: My mission was to achieve an immediate cease-fire in place, to be followed by implementation of the Tenet and Mitch.e.l.l plans. They wanted these to be accepted on the ground rather than just in principle. How I did it was up to me. I was expected to use my head, and my own initiative.
"We don"t like to lose," Secretary Powell told me. "We like to win. You get out there and make it happen, use your judgment. You"ve got a lot of lat.i.tude, a lot of freedom in action. But don"t hesitate to pick up that phone and call me directly if you need something."
It was gratifying to hear the Secretary express such personal confidence in me. Yet taking on that kind of responsibility always makes you a little tense. I knew what kind of burden had fallen on me.
Amba.s.sador Burns would travel out with me on the first part of the trip; and Aaron Miller would be a.s.signed to a.s.sist me-a great choice.
Miller was the State Department specialist on the Middle East peace process. Years before, he had joined the Department as a historian, but somehow the peace process itself had captured him. It became his life. His total personal commitment was to bring peace to the region. In time, as the specialist, he"d worked for all the secretaries of state and presidents, becoming over the years the government"s corporate memory on that subject. 84 84 He knows everybody, and he"s known by everybody. He knows every issue, every event, and every betrayal. Nothing in that part of the world stays hidden from Aaron Miller. He knows everybody, and he"s known by everybody. He knows every issue, every event, and every betrayal. Nothing in that part of the world stays hidden from Aaron Miller.
In Israel, he was involved in everything I did, and was totally there for me-without in any way trying to impose his thinking or his way of doing things. He provided background, recommendations, support, ideas; and then encouraged me to add my own thinking. "We need fresh thinking," he explained. "A lot of people in this business think they know how to do it, and they"ll never skip an opportunity to pa.s.s on their wisdom. But the truth is, no ideas have worked so far. So fire at will, and find something new."
He and I became very close; it was just a wonderful fit of two different personalities. He was intense and full of nervous energy. While I"m not exactly easygoing, I try to be more relaxed and good-humored at work. He had started out as a liberal academic, and had never experienced a military guy before we met. I was a complete alien to his country. Yet he found that fascinating, and I found him fascinating; and so we somehow complemented one another. When he was down, I could pick him up; when I was down, he"d pick me up. And in the end, our friendship really helped the team.
EARLY ON the twenty-first, Secretary Powell, Bill Burns, and I traveled to the White House to brief President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and National Security Advisor Rice. the twenty-first, Secretary Powell, Bill Burns, and I traveled to the White House to brief President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and National Security Advisor Rice.
When the president asked me about my mission-essentially to see how I understood what I was supposed to do-I let him know that I wanted to get the Tenet and Mitch.e.l.l plans into play. This seemed to satisfy him. He wished me luck and told me he appreciated my doing this for the country. My sense was that he was giving this thing his blessing, but from a distance; this was Colin Powell"s baby. Still, we were good to go, and that was enough for me.
AS I prepared to leave for Israel, I tried to keep a low profile and avoid distractions-such as encounters with the press. Better to leave the press interaction to the State Department. This caused resentment in the media and resulted in minor disruptions when some of the media retaliated; but I knew public diplomacy on my part would be counterproductive. prepared to leave for Israel, I tried to keep a low profile and avoid distractions-such as encounters with the press. Better to leave the press interaction to the State Department. This caused resentment in the media and resulted in minor disruptions when some of the media retaliated; but I knew public diplomacy on my part would be counterproductive.
After the struggle to make the U.S. Const.i.tution had been won, James Madison remarked that the twenty representatives who"d put it together had made an agreement to hold the process in confidence and not talk to the press. If that had not been done, he went on to say, if the fathers had failed to keep the process private and it had become naked to the media and the scrutiny of the public, we would never have had a Const.i.tution.
If every step of the way, every consideration, every possibility, every proposal, every tentative glimmer of an idea, every thought put on the table suddenly got into the open where it could be endlessly a.n.a.lyzed or attacked or mauled by the press (and it didn"t matter which press-Al Jazeera, the New York Times, New York Times, the the Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem Post, the the Guardian, Guardian, the the Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal), we"d never have moved anywhere. You can"t go forward in an emotional, involved, complex process like the Middle East peace process if the spotlight is on you.
Public diplomacy and transparency are a good thing. But these don"t work well in some places, under some circ.u.mstances, and with some issues. Often a process. .h.i.ts critical moments when private negotiations are necessary to work through sensitive issues or proposals. If these are made public every inch of the way, they can make it impossible for the parties to explore and develop possibilities. This was clearly one of those places.
AS I prepared to take on the peace mission, I sounded out friends who were familiar with the Israeli-Palestinian nightmare, looking for advice and insights. Their predictions were gloomy: "You know, you ought to really think about this before you sign on to it. The chances of this thing going south are right up there with night following day. And when that happens, you"re going to be saddled with the failure." Even the people from the State Department who solicited me for the job kept asking me: "Are you out of your mind? Do you really want to be actually stuck with this?" . . . Thoughts that were jokingly echoed by Rich Armitage: "Are you crazy?" he asked. I knew, though, that he appreciated my willingness to do this. One reason I was excited about this mission was the chance to work for Rich and Secretary Powell once again. These two great men have always been inspirations for me. prepared to take on the peace mission, I sounded out friends who were familiar with the Israeli-Palestinian nightmare, looking for advice and insights. Their predictions were gloomy: "You know, you ought to really think about this before you sign on to it. The chances of this thing going south are right up there with night following day. And when that happens, you"re going to be saddled with the failure." Even the people from the State Department who solicited me for the job kept asking me: "Are you out of your mind? Do you really want to be actually stuck with this?" . . . Thoughts that were jokingly echoed by Rich Armitage: "Are you crazy?" he asked. I knew, though, that he appreciated my willingness to do this. One reason I was excited about this mission was the chance to work for Rich and Secretary Powell once again. These two great men have always been inspirations for me.
How could I not look hard at the slim chances of success? Yet I also had to face myself and my own conscience. "It"s not this or that failure that matters," I told myself. "You know, if you save one life, you have to do it. But more important, if there"s even a point one percent chance of success, you"ve got to try. You can"t give up trying in these situations."
The number of times you"re successful in these mediations is low. It"s like baseball. You get a hit every third time up, you"re in the Hall of Fame. You have to answer your country"s call to service regardless of personal interests or the likelihood of success.
I had one other strong motivation-Colin Powell"s personal commitment. If he was ready to put his a.s.s on the line for this, then I was glad to be part of it.
I have a tremendous respect for Secretary Powell. I don"t know many people with greater honor, integrity, and ethics. The distinction between right and wrong is not a trivial thing with him. I have personally seen Colin Powell take actions that in no way benefit him, actions where the personal and political risks are high, actions that calculating people or those looking at their own personal benefit would avoid. He does them anyway, without calling attention to himself, because they"re the right things to do.
Powell was not standing back and letting the peace process take its course. He was pushing it. It wasn"t popular. It wasn"t politically expedient. Within the administration, he had enemies. I learned that the Defense Department opposed my selection for this mission. While I was at CENTCOM, I had disagreed with positions taken by many policymakers there; and now I had few friends at the Pentagon. Powell knew this, yet pushed on with what he felt was right.
ON NOVEMBER 25, 2001, Bill, Aaron, and I departed for Israel.
ROUND ONE.
Our plane touched down at Ben-Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv on the evening of November 26.
I spent the first night getting briefings from the U.S. Emba.s.sy in Tel Aviv and the U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem (which was our official point of contact with the Palestinians).
In the past, friction had developed between these two posts. Emba.s.sies tend to get "client.i.tis," which meant that their staffs, if they"re not careful, begin to take the side of locals they see and live with day to day.
Fortunately, when I came to Israel we were blessed with two of our best diplomats-Dan Kurtzer and Ron Schlicher-running the emba.s.sy and the Jerusalem consulate. Kurtzer, our amba.s.sador to Israel, is absolutely one of the finest diplomats we have ever created in the United States. He had been amba.s.sador to Egypt when I was at CENTCOM, so I knew him well. In Jerusalem, we had Ron Schlicher, a career diplomat with extensive experience in the Middle East and in the Arab world, whom I had not met, but his reputation was splendid.
These two brilliant professionals made it work and made their people cooperate. Although they both had strong personal feelings on the issues, they made it absolutely clear that their job was to promote the interests of the United States of America, and they made it equally clear that their first and foremost priority at that moment was to cooperate and find a peaceful resolution to the calamitous conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. These att.i.tudes took hold of everybody in the emba.s.sy and the consulate. And it was the force of their leadership that made it work.
THE INITIAL BRIEFS (and press reports) painted a bleak picture. No surprises here. The level of violence had steadily increased since the Second Intifada had begun in September 2000. All trust and confidence between the parties had evaporated, and peace talks were almost nonexistent. For the Israelis, the first priority was security, and in particular stopping the suicide attacks from extremist groups. Once that goal was achieved, they might begin negotiations and consider making concessions. For the Palestinians, the first priority was political commitment by the Israelis to Palestinian statehood, and removal of all Israeli troops from their territories. The gap between these views was huge. (and press reports) painted a bleak picture. No surprises here. The level of violence had steadily increased since the Second Intifada had begun in September 2000. All trust and confidence between the parties had evaporated, and peace talks were almost nonexistent. For the Israelis, the first priority was security, and in particular stopping the suicide attacks from extremist groups. Once that goal was achieved, they might begin negotiations and consider making concessions. For the Palestinians, the first priority was political commitment by the Israelis to Palestinian statehood, and removal of all Israeli troops from their territories. The gap between these views was huge.
The only ongoing talks were in the Trilateral Committee meetings. This committee-consisting of security experts from Israel, Palestine, and the U.S.-was set up by George Tenet to deal with security coordination and de-confliction issues (that is, where forces rubbed up against one another). Since it was then the only point of engagement between the two parties, it seemed to be the best venue for any attempt to get the Tenet plan into effect on the ground and a cease-fire in place.
AT THE END of the day, I retired to the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, where we set up our headquarters and living s.p.a.ces. Because 9/11 and the Intifada had dried up tourism, there was very little occupancy. We set up in one wing of the hotel. My suite, which I used as office and living quarters, was at a corner that overlooked the Old City. It was a beautiful setting, a couple of floors up. of the day, I retired to the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, where we set up our headquarters and living s.p.a.ces. Because 9/11 and the Intifada had dried up tourism, there was very little occupancy. We set up in one wing of the hotel. My suite, which I used as office and living quarters, was at a corner that overlooked the Old City. It was a beautiful setting, a couple of floors up.
As I hit the sack after a long and exhausting first day of travel and briefs, dark thoughts swirled through my mind.
The task ahead was daunting. I knew I had a lot to learn about the situation, the personalities, the issues, but I couldn"t afford to take a lot of time to get up to speed, while at the same time getting the negotiations started and a process moving. I had to hit the ground running. Aaron Miller, Bill Burns, and the others on the team were certainly available with their considerable experience, but much of the responsibility still weighed on me. Expectations were already raised, people had begun to hope again; I didn"t want to see the momentum or the hope fade. Progress had to be evident right off the bat.
I had an additional gut feeling that we were going to get heavy pressure from the terrorists and extremists, like Hamas and Islamic Jihad. According to our own and Israeli intelligence, the pattern with these groups was to pick up the level of violence whenever negotiations looked like they were making progress. Inevitably, the violence would box in the mediation effort. The Israelis would retaliate against the perpetrators of the violence. The Palestinians would hit back. And everybody would break off from the negotiations-always the goal of the extremist groups. So I expected that they would come at this one with a vengeance and would hit with a lot of violent events. If I was right, it meant we would have a very limited time frame in which to make progress. How much time depended on our ability to operate through the violence . . . or, better, to prevent violent events, catch a break, and get something done before the violence overshadowed our efforts. Unless I was very off the mark, we were going to be taking a roller-coaster ride . . . whipping from crisis to hope over and over again.
Unfortunately, I couldn"t have been more right. When the violence came, it was horrific. It eventually brought an end to the negotiations.
Hamas and Islamic Jihad are committed to the destruction of the State of Israel. Since neither of them, in my view, seriously buys the two-state solution, it"s hopeless to think they will compromise. With them, it"s all or nothing. That means they will simply continue to generate destructive violence to punish the Israelis and block any kind of peaceful resolution and compromise.
Their history is interesting: When Hamas was initially organized, it was encouraged by the Israelis as a counter to the PLO. It later took a more radical turn and now gets support from Iran, Syria, and elsewhere (Iraq, for example, before the fall of Saddam Hussein). When Islamic Jihad emerged, it was even more religiously fanatic, but just as skilled in the evil arts. It has never quite had the same clout as Hamas, however. Hamas is the big player. It is much better organized, has strong tentacles in the Palestinian population (cleverly put in play by charitable organizations), and has a powerful political wing. Hamas has much better reconnaissance than Islamic Jihad"s; and their attacks are far more sophisticated and achieve much greater effect, with far greater casualties. (They were responsible for the Pa.s.sover bombing and all the major bus bombings-blowing up busloads of school kids, for example.) Their attacks strike right at the heart and soul of the Israelis. They really know how to jam the blade home.
Other Palestinian extremists can probably be handled. But Hamas is another thing. It would almost certainly take a civil war in Palestine to break their back-a.s.suming they didn"t win the war.
In talks with mediators, the Palestinians will always press for a cease-fire and a compromise with Hamas. I don"t see it. It would be great if Hamas actually agreed to all that, and meant it; but it"s hard to see how they"d square their objectives with a compromise.
Even if they bought into a cease-fire, I"d be suspicious that it was just an attempt to regroup and rearm. And of course, as they went about doing that, the Israelis (whose intelligence is excellent) would find out about it and strike. The case would then be made that the Israelis had struck for no reason . . . and so on. The spiral of violence would start again.
THE FIRST full day was scheduled for meetings with the Israelis. To begin the day, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon had laid on a helicopter tour, highlighted by his personal perspective on the geography and situation on the ground. This was to be followed by a series of briefs that would last well into the evening. full day was scheduled for meetings with the Israelis. To begin the day, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon had laid on a helicopter tour, highlighted by his personal perspective on the geography and situation on the ground. This was to be followed by a series of briefs that would last well into the evening.
Some of my State Department advisers had reservations about this, on the grounds that the Palestinians might accuse us of letting Sharon co-opt the agenda; but I told them I could handle any attempt to manage my views. And if the Palestinians wanted to take me on a similar tour, they were welcome to invite me. I thought it was better to be open and transparent with both sides . . . and not tight-a.s.sed and overcautious.
Sharon"s tour gave me a strong sense of the land of Israel. We saw all the major sites-Bethlehem, Nazareth, the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, the Sea of Galilee. We flew down to look at Sharon"s farm in the south. We flew up to the Golan Heights, stopped at a military position, and talked with their people.
What was most interesting that day was Sharon"s own take on all this. He was a battle-tested soldier (1967, 1973), a farmer deeply attached to his land, and an Israeli convinced of his birthright, as well as a wily politician. His running dialogue during the trip came from all of those perspectives. He stressed security issues in relation to the terrain, the way any soldier would to another soldier. But there was open joy and pride in his voice as he dwelled lovingly on the agricultural aspects of the panorama that unfolded below us. And there was a similar joy and pride as he pointed out sites of historical significance to Israelis-ruins from Roman times and earlier.
"Look at those terraces up there in the rocks," he"d exclaim with a simple pa.s.sion that was very touching. "My ancestors built those thousands of years ago!" Or: "Look at this piece of terrain. You"re a military man. If we don"t control that, we"re vulnerable." Or: "Look at this land. It was desert. Look what Israel has done here. We have greened it. Look at the orchards. Look at the fruit we produce. Look at those beautiful cattle down there."
These three elements-soldier, farmer, Jewish roots-really sum up the man. Everything he is flows from these. His commitment to them is pa.s.sionate and total. The man is committed with his entire soul to the land he"d grown up in: "We have returned from the Diaspora. This is our land, this is our birthright, this is our history."
Before I met him, I was led to expect that I was going to run into some kind of big bully soldier. That characterization does not exactly fit. He is certainly a hard guy, who grew up in a tough environment-direct, frank, blunt, tells you right out what he wants to say to you, doesn"t try to twist words (he"s no slick politician)-but he never tried to bully me. What you see is what you get, that"s the way he is. If he couldn"t do something-make some concession he didn"t want to make-he wouldn"t weasel around the issue. He"d just say no. Unfortunately, I had the feeling that when we got down the road, when the tough concessions would be necessary, I couldn"t see him making the kind of concessions some of his predecessors had offered.