Thus, there is no organ nor function which is not involved by the simple and natural arrangement here sketched.
Compound, however, as the organs of digestion, respiration, and generation, are, yet, as they form so important a part of the system, it may be asked, with which of these cla.s.ses they are most allied. The answer is obvious. All of them consist of tubular vessels of various diameter; and all of them transmit and trans.m.u.te liquids. Possessing such strong characteristics of the nutritive or vital system, they are evidently most allied to it.
In short, digestion prepares the nutritive or vital matter, which is taken up by absorption--the first of the simple nutritive functions; respiration renovates it in the very middle of its course--between the two portions of the simple function of circulation; and generation, dependant on secretion--the last of these functions, communicates this nutritive matter, or propagates vitality to a new series of beings. In such arrangement, the digestive organs, therefore, precede, and the generative follow, the simple nutritive organs; while the respiratory occupy a middle place between the venous and the arterial circulation.
Nothing can be more improper, as the preceding observations show, than considering any one of these as a distinct cla.s.s.
More fully, therefore, to enumerate the nutritive or vital organs, we may say, that, under them, are cla.s.sed, first, the organs of digestion, the external and internal absorbent surfaces, and the vessels which absorb from these surfaces, or the organs of absorption; second, the heart, lungs, and bloodvessels, which derive their contents (the blood) from the absorbed lymph, or the organs of circulation; and third, the secreting cavities, glands, &c., which separate various matters from the blood, or the organs of secretion, and of which generation is the sequel.
[24] Appendix E.
[25] In perfect consistency with the a.s.sertion, that, though the organs of digestion, respiration, and generation, were really compound, still they were chiefly nutritive or vital, and properly belonged to that cla.s.s, it is not less remarkable, that, in this division of the body, they are found to occupy that part, the trunk, in which the chief simple nutritive organs are contained. This also shows the impropriety of reckoning any of these a separate system from the vital.
[26] The bones resemble these, in containing the greatest quant.i.ty of earthy mineral matter.
[27] It is the possession of vessels which const.i.tutes the vitality of vegetables.
[28] In animals, alone, is nervous matter discoverable.
[29] Plants have no real circulation, nor pa.s.sage of their nutritive liquids through the same point.
[30] This arrangement of anatomy and physiology was first published by me in 1806; and, notwithstanding its being the arrangement of nature, it has not been adopted by any one that I know of, until very lately, when it was in some measure used by Dr. Roget, without acknowledgment.
The originality, as well as the truth and value, of this arrangement, will be ill.u.s.trated by referring to any other published previous to 1806, or even to 1808, when I republished it in "Preliminary Lectures," Edinburgh.
[31] The cause of this has never been explained; and it could not well be explained, without a perception of the views in my preceding physiological arrangement.--The brain, at this period, becomes more subservient to purposes connected with generation; the communication between the trunk and the head is more frequent, intense, and sustained; and the neck, which contains the communicating organs, necessarily increases in size. This unexplained circ.u.mstance led to the mistake of the craniologists respecting the cerebel. Here, therefore, as in other cases pointed out in my work on Physiognomy, Gall and Spurzheim ascribe to deeper-seated organs what belongs to more superficial ones.
[32] Appendix F.
[33] Appendix G.
[34] Memoire sur le Beau Physique.
[35] A curious but true remark is made by Moreau, namely, that if these conditions are met with without being united to a certain expression, and to the most complete combination of the elements of beauty of countenance, they frequently give an air of insensibility and of mental weakness, which greatly enfeebles the impression that a first view had caused.
[36] Statistical results in relation to the supply of hospitals and prisons, carry the expense of a man much beyond that of a woman.
[37] Appendix H.
[38] Appendix I.
[39] See the causes of this explained in my work on "Physiognomy."
[40] Pallas--Voyages en Siberie.
[41] Humboldt"s Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain.
[42] It is remarkable that, in infants, the nose is almost always flat, and that, in some members of the same family, it always remains so, while, in others, it rises. This is attended by difference of function.
[43] "Physiognomy founded on Physiology, and applied to various Countries, Professions, and Individuals: with an Appendix on the Bones at Hythe--the Sculls of the ancient Inhabitants of Britain, and its Invaders: ill.u.s.trated by Engravings."--Smith, Elder, & Co., Cornhill.
[44] Of the best works on this subject, those of Mengs alone, I believe, have been translated; but the translation is so inaccurate as to be worthless.
[45] Thus it is not correct, as stated by Leonardo, that when some parts are broad or thick, all are broad; though, in peculiar combinations, that may occur.
[46] Lib. II. in Timaeum Platonis.
[47] This member of the Royal Academy was suspected of having written that "republics had done more for the advancement of the fine arts than monarchies." The late George III., who did not approve of truths of that kind, was thereby so much enraged, that he instantly sent for the list of the members of the academy, and therefrom erased the name of Barry. The academicians humbly submitted to the indignity which hereditary wisdom thus inflicted. It would appear, however, that bad principles are spreading among the Royal academicians; for the works of this expelled member are now daringly given by them as a prize to students at the academy!
[48] This rule is well explained, and variously ill.u.s.trated by Donald Walker, in his work, equally philosophical, instructive, and amusing, ent.i.tled "Exercises for Ladies," a knowledge of which, and the practice of its principles, would render beauty, and especially beauty of the shoulders and arms, far more common in every family.
[49] It was at the extremity of the modern Cape Crio, anciently Triopium, a promontory of Doris, a province of Caria, that was built the celebrated city of Cnidos. Here Venus was worshipped: here was seen this statue of that G.o.ddess, the most beautiful of the works of Praxiteles. A temple, far from s.p.a.cious, and open on all sides, contained it, without concealing it from view; and, in whatever point of view it was examined, it excited equal admiration. No drapery veiled its charms; and so uncommon was its beauty, that it inflamed with a violent pa.s.sion another Pygmalion.
[50] The phrenologists have told us that the head of this Venus is too small. They might as well have said, that the head of the Minerva, or of the Jupiter, is too large, or a hundred other ignorant inapplicabilities, and ridiculous pedantries. But to set aside ideal forms, I may observe, that s.e.x makes a vast difference in the head, and a woman with a small head often produces a son with a large one.
[51] This is beautiful, but is evidently borrowed from the great philosophical poet"s
"Te, Dea, te fugiunt ventei, te nubila coeli, Adventumque tuum."
[52] That, in plants, these odors are even necessary to their reproduction, is proved by their uniform existence at that period. And if being affected by odors implies a sense of smell, or some modification of it, then must plants possess it.
[53] In all grossly sensual nations and individuals, the lips are everted even at the angles.
[54] See this explained in "Physiognomy."
[55] "Venere suol tenere alquanto aperte le labbra, come per indicare un languido desiderio ed amore."--_Storia delle Arti._
[56] In the Cupid, the form of the head is G.o.dlike. The hair not only curls with all the vigor of early years, but, with perfect knowledge of nature"s tendency, is bent into a ridge along the middle of the upper head. The brow, full, open, and charmingly rounded, is the evident throne of young observation, and it flows with such beauty into the parts behind, as if it actually _said_ its purpose was to fling its observations back on thought and will. Its beginnings at the eyebrows display exquisite knowledge: the bony ridge is admirably shown to be yet unformed; and while its outer extremity forms but the orbital convexity, or sh.e.l.l for the globe of the eye, the inner extremity of the eyebrow is with infinite art drawn over soft and hollow s.p.a.ce, as if the few hairs that composed it made there its only convexity. In short, in every part of the face, fine and faint as is every youthful feature, no detail is lost; and this, added to the pointed chin and upper lip, declare the purpose of the little G.o.d.
[57] Appendix K.
[58] I speak not of paint here. It is now used only by meretricious persons and by those harridans of higher rank who resemble them in every respect, except that the former are ashamed of their profession, and the latter advertise it.
[59] Combe"s Phrenology.
[60] Physiologie des Temperamens on Const.i.tutions. Paris, 1826.
[61] This doctrine is revived, _Dict. des Sciences med._ Delpit and Reydellet.
[62] Dictionnaire des Sciences Med. t. x.x.xviii. p. 263.