Time magazine couldnat resist: aUniversal Appeal,a Time, 7/28/1961.
Marleneas triumph was: who was earning: Lee Rutherford, aRefugee Takes Universe t.i.tle,a Washington Post, 07/18/1961.
In the case of Marlene: aDie schnste Frau der Welta"eine Deutsche!a Junge Welt, 07/20/1961.
In 1962, she would: aMarlene Schmidt, Die Anti-Miss von 1961,a Der Spiegel, 4/30/2001.
13. aTHE GREAT TESTING PLACEa aThe immediate threata: JFKL, Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis, President Kennedy, The White House, July 25, 1961: is losinga: JFKL, Walt W. Rostow OH; Walt W. Rostow, The Diffusion of Power: An Essay in Recent History, New York: Macmillan, 1972, 231. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 394.
Mikhail Pervukhin, the Soviet Amba.s.sador: Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, 179a"180; Klaus Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer,a Der Spiegel, 08/06/2001, 71.
Years later, Khrushchev would take: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 508; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990, 169.
Khrushchev would tell the West German: Hans Kroll, Lebenserinnerungen eines Botschafters. Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1967, 512, 526.
Khrushchev had agonized: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 454a"455; Kroll, Lebenserinnerungen, 512, 527; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, 169.
Pervukhin told a satisfied Ulbricht: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 186; Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer,a 71; Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, 180a"181.
The only way to close such a border: Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, 179a"181; Central a.n.a.lysis and Information Group of the Ministry for State Security (ZAIG), Protokol ber die Besprechung am 07.07.1961, Top secret, Ministerium fr Staatssicherheit (MfS) 4899, 9; Uhl and Wagner, aAnother Brick in the Wall: Reexamining Soviet and East German Policy During the 1961 Berlin Crisis: New Evidence, New Doc.u.ments,a CWIHP Working Paper, published under aStorming On to Paris: The 1961 aBuriaa Exercise and the Planned Solution of the Berlin Crisis,a in Mastny, Holtsmark, and Wenger, War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War, 46a"71; Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer,a 71.
The Soviets should not underestimate: SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/202/130, aBesondere Informationen an Genossen Walter Ulbricht,a Bd. 6, July 15, 1961; Patrick Major, Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, 110.
Having won the Pulitzer Prize: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 255a"256; A. J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War 1954a"1975. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000, 136a"137.
Schlesinger was determined: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 383a"384, 386a"387.
When Kennedy first drafted: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 381; Chace, Acheson, 391; McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. New York: Random House, 1988, 375a"376.
On July 7, just after a lunch meeting: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 57, JFKL, POF, Memo from the Presidentas Special a.s.sistant (Schlesinger) to President Kennedy; Under Secretary of State Bowles sent Rusk a similar memo on July 7, expressing concern about trend of U.S. thinking on Berlin; see Department of State, Central Files, 762.00/7-761.
Schlesinger had calculated: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 386.
aThe Acheson premisea: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 57.
At the same time, Kennedy was also hearing: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 388; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 160.
Henry Kissinger spent only a day: Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005, 110a"113; W. R. Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, 35a"38.
Kissinger would complain: Henry Kissinger, White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979, 13a"14.
So Kissinger put his warning: JFKL, Henry Kissinger, Memorandum for the President, Subject: Berlin, July 7, 1961, 1a"2.
In a separate note to Schlesinger: W. R. Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 38; Jeremy Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, 175a"176.
President Kennedy was displeased: aKennedy Confers on Berlin Issues,a New York Times, 07/09/1961; aKennedy to Meet 3 Aides on Berlin,a New York Times, 07/08/1961; Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 192.
It was fine to drop the ball: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 390.
The news from the Soviet Union: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Communisma"Peace and Happiness for the Peoples, vol. 1, January-September 1961. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1963, 288a"309, Speech at a Reception Given by the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. and the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R. for Graduates of Military Academies, July 8, 1961; aKhrushchev Halts Troop Reduction; Raises Arms Fund,a aExcerpts From Khrushchevas Address on Arms Policy,a New York Times, 07/09/1961.
Kennedy was livid: Newsweek, 07/03/1961.
Khrushchev had responded to the Newsweek: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 244; aWest Is Drafting Reply to Soviet on German Issues,a New York Times, 06/30/1961, 07/01/1961, 07/05/1961, 07/14/1961; aBritish Envoy Tells Khrushchev Soviet Policy on Berlin Is Illegal,a New York Herald Tribune, 07/06/1961; aMatter of Fact: Khrushchev as. .h.i.tler,a Washington Post, 07/12/1961; Martin McCauley, ed., Khrushchev and Khrushchevism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987, 222.
When Rusk explained: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 192; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 153a"154.
The president then turned on: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 112.
Martin Hillenbrand, head: Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 246a"248; New York Times, 07/09/1961, 07/14/1961; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 752; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 153a"154.
aI want the d.a.m.n thinga: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 192.
Kennedy soaked in a hot bath: Evelyn Lincoln, My Twelve Years with John F. Kennedy. New York: D. McKay, 1965, 232a"233, 278.
aFinally, I would like to closea: Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis, July 25, 1961: said to his secretary: Lincoln, My Twelve Years with John F. Kennedy, 233a"234.
On July 13 in the Cabinet Room: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 66, Memo of Discussion in the National Security Council, Washington, July 13, 1961, prepared by Bundy on July 24, 1961; Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 144.
Bundy had left: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 66n3, memo drafted by Bundy on military choices in Berlin planning outlining four alternatives.
The president listened: JFKL, NSF, NSC Meetings, Top Secret, prepared by Bundy on July 24, 1961, Memo of Discussion in the National Security Council; in FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 66.
Acheson had grown: Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 182.
At the second key NSC: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 77, Memo of Minutes of the National Security Council Meeting, Washington, July 19, 1961, prepared by Bundy on July 25, 1961.
Amba.s.sador Thompson wasnat in the room: Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy. New York: HarperCollins, 1965, 589.
Kennedy told the NSC: Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 180; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 257.
Just the previous day at lunch: Cate, The Ides of August, 108a"111; author interview with James OaDonnell.
aFor West Berlin, lying exposeda: JFKL, Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis, President Kennedy, The White House, July 25, 1961: suggested an easy: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 118.
aThere was an aOh, my G.o.d!a: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 118; authoras interview with Karl Mautner.
The emphasis on West Berlin: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 264; New York Times, 08/03/1961; Der Tagesspiegel, 08/02/1961; Neues Deutschland, 08/02/1961; JFKL, Bundya"JFK, August 4, 1961; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 201a"203.
Fulbrightas interpretation of the treaty: Ann Tusa, The Last Division: A History of Berlin, 1945a"1989. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1997, 257; Washington Post, 07/31/1961; New York Times, 08/03/1961.
Early in August, Kennedy: JFKL, Walt W. Rostow OH; Rostow, Diffusion of Power, 231; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 265; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 394; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 201.
On a sweltering Moscow morning: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 192a"194; SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, DY, 30/3682; Uhl and Wagner, aAnother Brick in the Wall,a CWIHP Working Paper, published under aStorming On to Paris,a in Mastny, Holtsmark, and Wenger, War Plans and Plliances in the Cold War, 46a"71; Aleksandr Fursenko, aKak Byla Postroena Berlinskaia Stena,a in Istoricheskie Zapiski, no. 4 (2001), 78a"79.
The two men had been closely: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 377, 379a"380.
aWhen would it be besta: Fursenko, aKak Byla Postroena Berlinskaia Stena,a 78.
Noting that the thirteenth: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 506.
aIn those homesa: Fursenko, aKak Byla Postroena Berlinskaia Stena,a 79.
aWhen the border is closeda: RGANI, Khrushcheva"Ulbricht, August 1, 1961, Doc.u.ment No. 521557, 113a"146. Doc.u.ment and citation graciously provided by Dr. Matthias Uhl.
He even spoke nostalgically: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 502; Vladislav M. Zubok, aKhrushchevas Secret Speech on the Berlin Crisis, August 1961,a CWIHP-B, No. 3, Fall 1993, 58a"61; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 50. The conference of first secretaries of Central Committee of Communist and Workers Parties of socialist countries for exchange of views on the questions related to preparation and conclusion of German peace treaty, 3a"5 August 1961 [Transcripts of the meeting were found in the miscellaneous doc.u.ments of the International Department of the Central Committee, TsKhSD], 11, 142a"144, 156a"157.
Wismach left East Berlin: Bundesministerium fr Gesamtdeutsche Fragen, ed., Die Flucht aus der Sowjetzone und die Sperrma.s.snahmen des kommunistischen Regimes vom 13. August 1961 in Berlin. Bonn/Berlin, 7. September 1961, vol. 2, Doc. No. 95, 81a"82; Archiv Deutschlandradio. Sendung: Die Zeit im Funk, Reporter: Hans-Rudolf Vilter, RIAS-Interview mit dem nach West-Berlin geflchteten Kurt Wismach, der Walter Ulbricht whrend seiner Rede im Kabelwerk Oberspree am 10. August 1961 mehrfach unterbrach, 17. August 1961: THE WALL: SETTING THE TRAP.
aThe GDR had to copea: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, 454.
aIn this perioda: Bernd Eisenfeld and Roger Engelmann, 13.8.1961: Mauerbaua"Fluchtbewegung und Machtsicherung. Bremen: Temmen, 2001, 48; Behrde der Bundesbeauftragten fr die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der Ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU), MfS, ZA, ZAIG No. 4900, Aus dem Protokoll ber die Dienstbesprechung im MfS am 11. August 1961, Bl.3a"6.
With only three weeks: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 187a"188; Uhl and Wagner, aAnother Brick in the Wall,a CWIHP Working Paper, published under aStorming On to Paris,a in Mastny, Holtsmark, and Wenger, War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War, 46a"71; SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/202a"65; Klaus Froh and Rdiger Wenzke, eds., Die Generale und Admirale der NVA: Ein biographisches Handbuch. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2007, 198; Peter Wyden, Wall: The Inside Story of Divided Berlin. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989, 88.
Furious activity had filled: Cate, The Ides of August, 222.
Several hundred police: Wyden, Walla"The Inside Story of Divided Berlin, 134, 140.
From the moment that police: Eisenfeld, 13.8.1961, 49.
Ulbricht cleared the final language: William I. Hitchc.o.c.k, The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945a"2002. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 218.
Without emotion, Ulbricht: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 380; AVP-RF, Pervukhin to Khrushchev, August 10, 1961, 3-64-745, p. 125; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 505.
Khrushchev received the news: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 454, 456a"457.
At age sixty-three, Konev: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 382; Cate, The Ides of August, 178a"182.
Near World War IIas end: Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall, 1945. New York: Viking, 2002, 16.
Khrushchev had constructed the plan: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 458.
At age twenty-six, Adam Kellett-Long: Christopher Hilton, The Wall: The Peopleas Story. Stroud, England: Sutton, 2001, 25; Cate, The Ides of August, 236a"238.
Kellett-Long would later recall: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, London, October 15a"16, 2008.
Kellett-Long returned to his office: Peter Wyden, aWir machen Berlin dichta"Die Berliner Mauer (III) Der. 13. August,a Der Spiegel, 10/16/1989.
Mielke exuded self-confidence: Henning Khler, Adenauer: Eine politische Biographie. Frankfurt am Main: Propylen, 1994, 39.
Back in 1931: Heribert Schwan, Erich Mielke: Der Mann, der die Stasi war. Munich: Droemer Knaur, 1997, 31, 58.
aToday we begin a new chaptera: Eisenfeld, 13.8.1961, 47a"49; BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG Nr. 4900, Aus dem Protokoll ber die Dienstbesprechung im MfS am 11. August 1961, Bl. 3a"6.
One neighborhood near Berlinas: Cate, The Ides of August, 207; interview with Klaus Schulz-Ladegast, Berlin, October 12, 2008.
The Severin + Kuhn company: Cate, The Ides of August, 3, 68a"69, 208, 211, 230.
In a raspy, emotional voice: Rede des Regierenden Brgermeisters von Berlin, w.i.l.l.y Brandt, auf dem Kongress anlsslich des Deutschlandtreffens der SPD (Brandt speech at SPD congress), August 12, 1961, in Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ed., Tatsachena"Argumente, no. 21, 08/21/1961, 4a"11; chronik-der-mauer.de; Chicago Daily Tribune, 08/13/1961.
While Brandt was in Nuremberg: Rede von Bundeskanzler Dr. Konrad Adenauer auf einer CDU-Wahlkampfkundgebung in Lbeck (Adenauer speech at Lbeck CDU election campaign rally), August 12, 1961, Stiftung Bundeskanzler Adenauer-Haus, www.chronik-der-mauer.de.
Walter Ulbricht appeared: Frederick Taylor, The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1969a"1989. New York: HarperCollins, 2007, 159; Grimm, Politbro Privat, 161; Klaus Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer,a Der Spiegel, 08/06/2001, 64a"65.
His guests speculated: Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer.a Only a handful of Ulbrichtas: Erich Honecker, From My Life. New York: Pergamon, 1981, 121; Hilton, The Wall, 31, 34a"35.
Apparently unaware: Los Angeles Times, 08/13/1961.
Khrushchev had given a speech: DNSA, a.n.a.lysis of Khruschevas Speech at a Sovieta"Romanian Friendship Rally on August 11, Confidential Cable, August 12, 1961.
Secretary of State Rusk had sent: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 103, Telegram from the Department of State to the Emba.s.sy in Germany, August 12, 1961, 6:26 p.m.
Hoffmann briefed officers: Cate, The Ides of August, 229a"224; Wyden, Wall, 137a"138; Lt. Col. Martin Herbert Lffleras description, made in Bonn on September 21, 1961, Berliner Morgenpost, 09/22/1962; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, DPA Dispatch (English version), September 24, 1962; Washington Post, 09/22/1962; New York Times, 09/22/1962; Rheinische Merkur, Christ + Welt, 09/28/1962; Wiegrefe, aDie Schandmauer.a By 10.00 p.m., Honecker: Honecker, From My Life, 211.
The little information: Norbert F. Ptzl, Erich Honecker: Eine Deutsche Biographie. Stuttgart and Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2nd ed., 2002, 71; Die Welt, 06/08/2001; Armee fr Frieden und Sozialismus, Geschichte der Nationalen Volksarmee. Berlin: Militrverlag der DDR, 1985, 244, 246.
In all, some 8,200 Peopleas Police: Ptzl, Erich Honecker, 72.
Ulbricht looked at his watch: Honecker, From My Life, 210; Ptzl, Erich Honecker, 72.
No one protested: Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm; Berliner Zeitung, 03/22/1993.
Kellett-Long was worried: Wyden, Walla"The Inside Story of Divided Berlin, 140a"141; Kellett-Long interview.
Three long, penetrating wails: Michael Mara, Rudi Thurow, Eckhardt Schaller, and Rainer Hildebrandt, eds., Kontrollpunkt Kohlhasenbrcka"Die Geschichte einer Grenzkompanie des Ringes um West-Berlin. Bad G.o.desberg, Germany: Hohwacht-Verlag, 1964; Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 151a"153.
Witz, who said: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 153.
Shortly before 1:00 a.m.: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, London, October 15a"16, 2008.
In response, Warsaw Pact: Statement by Warsaw Treaty Member, August 13, 1961, in Pravda, August 15, 1961; for extract, see Harry Hanak, Soviet Foreign Policy Since the Death of Stalin. Boston: Routledge, 1972, 113.
aEarlier today, I becamea: Adam Kellett-Long, aDemonstrators Defy Armed Policemen: Tense Atmosphere in East Berlin,a Manchester Guardian, 08/14/1961; trucks belched out: Cate, The Ides of August, 248a"249.
Senior officials of the U.S., British: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 158a"159, 162a"163.