_Character._--Is it trustful, or shy and retiring?
_Song._--Season when song is most frequent, also times of day. Does it consist of many or only a few notes? Is it cheery, like the robin"s, or tuneful, like the thrush"s, or rollicking and rapturous, like the bobolink"s, or a Romanza, like the catbird"s? Notice the different emotion sounds, the notes of fear, of parental or conjugal reprimand, of joy, of anger, of deep sorrow, made by the bird at times.
_Food._--Insects (kinds), seeds, fruit, etc.
_Nest._--Where placed, how made?
_Incidents._--From the writer"s knowledge of the bird.
_This bird in literature._--What writers have described, what poets have immortalized him? How did they characterize him?
Some of the following books are almost indispensable to one who wishes to know the birds:--
"Wake Robin," John Burroughs; "Birds and Poets," John Burroughs; "The Birds and Seasons of New England," Wilson Flagg; "Upland and Meadow,"
Charles C. Abbott; "Bird Ways," Olive Thorne Miller; "Birds through an Opera Gla.s.s," Florence A. Merriam; "Birds in the Bush," Bradford Torrey; "The Birds About Us," Charles C. Abbott; "From Blomidon to Smoky," Frank Bolles.
Recent magazines should be searched and the current ones scrutinized for articles by any of the above-named writers.
_Destruction of birds._--Find out how many birds are annually slaughtered in the United States, and for what purposes.
In the report of the American Ornithologist Union published in 1886, it was estimated that about five million birds were annually required to fill the demand for the ornamentation of the hats of the American women. In 1896 it was estimated that the number thus used was ten million. "The slaughter is not confined to song-birds; everything that wears feathers is a target for the bird butcher. The destruction of 40,000 terns in a single season on Cape Cod, a million rail and reed birds (bobolinks) killed in a single month near Philadelphia, are facts that may well furnish food for reflection. The swamps and marshes of Florida are well known to have become depopulated of their egrets and herons, while the state at large has been for years a favorite slaughter ground of the milliners" emissaries." An article in _Forest and Stream_, speaking of the destruction of birds on Long Island, states that during a short period of four months 20,000 were supplied to the New York dealers from a single village.
The Audubon Society of Ma.s.sachusetts has looked up the figures and reports that "it is proved that into England alone between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 birds are imported yearly, and that for Europe the number reaches 150,000,000. Hence, the fashionable craze has annually demanded between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 birds. From the East Indies alone a dealer in London received 400,000 humming birds, 6,000 birds of paradise, and 400,000 miscellaneous birds. In an auction room, also in London, within four months, over 800,000 East and West Indian and Brazilian bird skins, besides thousands of pheasants and birds of paradise, were put up for sale."
This demand for birds has been going on for a quarter of a century, and billions of rich-plumaged creatures have been slaughtered to meet it, and several of the feathered tribes have been exterminated.
Write to the following for literature upon the destruction of birds:--
Humane Education Committee, 61 Westminster Street, Providence, R. I.; George T. Angell, Boston, Ma.s.s.; Secretary of the Ma.s.sachusetts Audubon Society, Boston, Ma.s.s.; Secretary of the New York Audubon Society at New York; Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Secretary of the Audubon Society of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia; also write to the Department of Agriculture of your own state.
VII
PROGRAMS FOR BIRD DAY
A Bird Day exercise, in order to have much value educationally, should be largely the result of the pupils" previous work, and should not be the mere repet.i.tion of a prepared program taken verbatim from some paper or leaflet. It is, of course, better to have the pupils recite this leaflet or list of statements than it would be to have it ground out of a phonograph. The program should be prepared by the pupils under direction of the teacher.
The following general suggestions are offered:--
1. For the first observance of this day by a school it would be well to have some pupil read Senator h.o.a.r"s pet.i.tion of the birds to the Legislature of Ma.s.sachusetts.
PEt.i.tION OF THE BIRDS
_Written by Senator h.o.a.r to the Ma.s.sachusetts Legislature_
The pet.i.tion which was instrumental in getting the Ma.s.sachusetts law pa.s.sed, prohibiting the wearing of song and insectivorous birds on women"s hats, was written by Senator h.o.a.r. The pet.i.tion read as follows:--
To the Great and General Court of the Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts: We, the song birds of Ma.s.sachusetts and their playfellows, make this our humble pet.i.tion. We know more about you than you think we do. We know how good you are. We have hopped about the roofs and looked in at your windows of the houses you have built for poor and sick and hungry people, and little lame and deaf and blind children. We have built our nests in the trees and sung many a song as we flew about the gardens and parks you have made so beautiful for your children, especially your poor children to play in.
Every year we fly a great way over the country, keeping all the time where the sun is bright and warm. And we know that whenever you do anything the other people all over this great land between the seas and the Great Lakes find it out, and pretty soon will try to do the same. We know. We know.
We are Americans just the same as you are. Some of us, like you, came across the great sea. But most of the birds like us have lived here a long while; and the birds like us welcomed your fathers when they came here many, many years ago. Our fathers and mothers have always done their best to please your fathers and mothers.
Now we have a sad story to tell you. Thoughtless or bad people are trying to destroy us. They kill us because our feathers are beautiful. Even pretty and sweet girls, who we should think would be our best friends, kill our brothers and children so that they may wear our plumage on their hats. Sometimes people kill us for mere wantonness. Cruel boys destroy our nests and steal our eggs and our young ones. People with guns and snares lie in wait to kill us; as if the place for a bird were not in the sky, alive, but in a shop window or in a gla.s.s case. If this goes on much longer all our song birds will be gone. Already we are told in some other countries that used to be full of birds, they are now almost gone. Even the nightingales are being killed in Italy.
Now we humbly pray that you will stop all this and will save us from this sad fate. You have already made a law that no one shall kill a harmless song bird or destroy our nests or our eggs. Will you please make another one that no one shall wear our feathers, so that no one shall kill us to get them?
We want them all ourselves. Your pretty girls are pretty enough without them. We are told that it is as easy for you to do it as for a blackbird to whistle.
If you will, we know how to pay you a hundred times over. We will teach your children to keep themselves clean and neat.
We will show them how to live together in peace and love and to agree as we do in our nests. We will build pretty houses which you will like to see. We will play about your garden and flower beds--ourselves like flowers on wings, without any cost to you. We will destroy the wicked insects and worms that spoil your cherries and currants and plums and apples and roses. We will give you our best songs, and make the spring more beautiful and the summer sweeter to you.
Every June morning when you go out into the field, oriole and bluebird and blackbird and bobolink will fly after you and make the day more delightful to you. And when you go home tired after sundown, vesper sparrow will tell you how grateful we are. When you sit down on your porch after dark, fifebird and hermit thrush and wood thrush will sing to you; and even whip-poor-will will cheer you up a little. We know where we are safe. In a little while all the birds will come to live in Ma.s.sachusetts again, and everybody who loves music will like to make a summer home with you.
The signers are:--
Brown Thrasher, Robert o" Lincoln, Hermit Thrush, Vesper Sparrow, Robin Redbreast, Song Sparrow, Scarlet Tanager, Summer Redbird, Blue Heron, Humming Bird, Yellowbird, Whip-poor-will, Water Wagtail, Woodp.e.c.k.e.r, Pigeon Woodp.e.c.k.e.r, Indigo Bird, Yellowthroat, Wilson"s Thrush, Chickadee, Kingbird, Swallow, Cedar Bird, Cowbird, Martin, Veery, Chewink, Vireo, Oriole, Blackbird, Fifebird, Wren, Linnet, Pewee, Phoebe, Yoke Bird, Lark, Sandpiper.
It should be noted that the result of this pet.i.tion was the pa.s.sage of a law by the Legislature of Ma.s.sachusetts forbidding the wearing of parts of wild birds. A bill forbidding the transportation of feathers or the skins of birds from one state to another was also introduced by Senator h.o.a.r in the United States Senate.
2. At this first exercise it would be well to have read "Our New Neighbors at Ponkapog," by T. B. Aldrich.
3. The best essays that have been written by the pupils during their preliminary study may be given. If the school has not made this preliminary study, select subjects and have essays written according to the directions already given, allowing as much time as possible for original observations.
4. Have recitations from the poets. These will add a peculiar charm to the occasion. A short list of suitable poems will be given. Many others may be found in a book called "Voices of the Speechless,"
published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The works of John Burroughs, Bradford Torrey, Maurice Thompson, Mrs.
Olive Thorne Miller, and Dr. C. C. Abbott abound in pa.s.sages which are excellent for recitation. It is surprising how familiar the best-known novelists have been and are with birds. In appreciation of them they are second only to the poets. Charles Reade"s description of the lark"s song in the mines of Australia, in "Never Too Late to Mend," is an inspiring recitation.
5. Short quotations from well known authors should be given, if possible, by every pupil in the school. We give a few taken almost at random:--
Away over the hayfield the lark floated in the blue, making the air quiver with his singing; the robin, perched on a fence, looked at us saucily and piped a few notes by way of remark; the blackbird was heard, flute-throated, down in the hollow recesses of the wood; and the thrush, in a holly tree by the wayside, sang out his sweet, clear song that seemed to rise in strength as the wind awoke a sudden rustling through the long woods of birch and oak.--WILLIAM BLACK, in _Adventures of a Phaeton_.
We seemed to hear all the sounds within a great compa.s.s--in the hedges and in the roadside trees, far away in woods or hidden up in the level grayness of the clouds: twi, twi, trrrr-weet!--droom, droom, phloee!--tuck, tuck, tuck, tuck, feer!--that was the silvery chorus from thousands of throats. It seemed to us that all the fields and hedges had but one voice, and that it was clear and sweet and piercing.--WILLIAM BLACK, _Ibid._
Silvia could hear the twittering of the young starlings in their nests as their parents went and came carrying food, and the loud and joyful "tirr-a-wee, tirr-a-wee, prooit, tweet!" of the thrushes, and the low currooing of the wood pigeon, and the soft call of the cuckoo, that seemed to come in whenever an interval of silence fitted. The swallows dipped and flashed and circled over the bosom of the lake.
There were blackbirds eagerly but cautiously at work, with their spasmodic trippings, on the lawn. A robin perched on the iron railing eyed her curiously and seemed more disposed to approach than to retreat.--WILLIAM BLACK, in _Green Pastures and Piccadilly_.
A jay fled screaming through the wood, just one brief glimpse of brilliant blue being visible.--WILLIAM BLACK, _Ibid._
And as they came near to one dark patch of shrubbery, lo!
the strange silence was burst asunder by the rich, full song of a nightingale.--WILLIAM BLACK, _Ibid._
A sudden sound sprang into the night, flooding all its darkness with its rich and piercing melody--a joyous, clear, full-throated note, deep-gurgling now, and again rising with thrills and tremors into bursts of far-reaching silver song that seemed to shake the hollow air. A single nightingale had filled the woods with life. We cared no more for those distant and silent stars. It was enough to sit here in the gracious quiet and listen to the eager tremulous outpouring of this honeyed sound.--WILLIAM BLACK, in _Strange Adventures of a House-Boat_.
Shoot and eat my birds! The next step beyond, and one would hanker after Jenny Lind or Miss Kellogg.--HENRY WARD BEECHER.