--A. Almost entirely.
Q. Their capital is hired in New Orleans?
--A. Or any points they may go for it; I merely mention New Orleans as one point. A number of our people borrow money in Memphis, and some borrow money in Vicksburg.
Q. Do you know whether those people to any extent borrow capital of Northern capitalists in New York and other portions of the North --A. That cla.s.s of people do not. In the last few years--I might say almost within the last two years--Northern capital has begun to seek investment in our section of the country, but only upon mortgages on real estate. The cla.s.s of storekeepers I allude to generally have no real estate at all; they only have their stores.
Q. Your system by which the planter makes a market for the surplus productions of the laborers upon his plantation dispenses with a middleman, and enables the laborer to make a saving, whereas, if he goes to the hills he makes a loss?
--A. Yes, sir. I will put it more definitely: As long as he is under the guidance and care of the proprietor of the plantation he prospers, the planter, as we express it in that country, "loaning him our aid"; we make it very expressive to the negro, we loan him our aid, that is, he must follow our advice, and he has learned to do that, and by doing that he acc.u.mulates; but when thrown upon his own resources--there are individual exceptions, of course, where a good many negroes prosper themselves when thrown upon their own resources in Arkansas--but as a general fact, where he leaves the guidance and care of the proprietor of a plantation and subjects himself just as any one else does to the common trading with storekeepers, in a very few years he loses what he has acc.u.mulated.
Q. Under these favorable circ.u.mstances which surround the laborer on the plantation one would think he ought to acc.u.mulate; but I understand you that as a rule he is rather improvident and fails to acc.u.mulate. To what do you attribute that improvidence on the part of the negro laborer?
--A. It is simply from the want of a proper appreciation of the opportunities of advancement from his condition. The negroes are just beginning, as I expressed it, to realize the responsibilities of life, and just as they begin to realize the responsibilities of life here, they begin to prosper. The prosperity of the South has only begun in the last few years, and it has begun to increase just as the race issue has ceased. I will demonstrate that to you by a little paragraph I cut out of the _New York Herald_ last night, taken from the New Orleans _Times-Democrat_. If you take the a.s.sessed valuation of real estate in Alabama, in 1879 it was at $117,486,581; in 1883 it is a.s.sessed at $152,920,115. There has been that increase in four years from $117,000,000 to $152,000,000. Now let us take the State of Arkansas: in 1879 our real estate was valued at $86,892,541; in 1883 it is valued at $136,000,000. It goes on just in that same proportion. For instance, this shows that in eight of the Southern and Southwestern States there has been an increase of nearly half a billion dollars--that is, $494,836,686--in value of taxable property during the short period of four years.
I happened to pick up this book last night. If I had an opportunity I could have gotten some statistics to show you the increased production in these different States, and how completely it has taken place, as the laborer has begun to rely on himself and been thrown on his resources.
Q. Have you observed the origin of these statistics?
--A. They come from the New Orleans _Times-Democrat_. I will read this in order that they may be known. This is from the _Herald_ of yesterday:
SOUTHERN PROGRESS
The New Orleans TIMES-DEMOCRAT has gathered from trustworthy sources and given to the public valuable statistics showing the industrial progress made in the Southern States during the past four years. This covers the period since 1879, the year to which the figures of the latest national census apply. The census returns show a marvelous material growth in the South during the preceding ten years. But, according to the reports published by our New Orleans contemporary, the progress of the past four years is greater and more wonderful than that achieved during the decade between the census years.
Taking the important item of a.s.sessed value of property, a comparison between the years 1879 and 1883 gives the following remarkable results:
----------------------------------------------------------------- a.s.sessment Tax a.s.sessment Tax States 1883 rate 1879 rate ----------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama $152,920,115 6-1/2 $117,486,581 7 Arkansas 136,000,000 7 86,892,541 6-1/2 Florida 56,000,000 5 29,471,648 7 Georgia 300,000,000 2-1/2 135,659,530 5 Louisiana 200,000,000 6 209,361,402 6 Mississippi 116,288,810 2-1/2 129,308,345 3-1/2 Tennessee 252,289,873 2 223,211,345 1 Texas 500,000,000 3 304,470,736 5 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Total 1,710,498,798 4-1/2 1,215,662,128 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------
This shows that in eight Southern and Southwestern States there has been an increase of nearly half a billion dollars--$494,836,668--in the value of taxable property during the short period of four years, while the rate of taxation has been actually reduced. At the same time liberal appropriations have been made for schools, public improvements, and other useful purposes. "Nor is this marvelous advance in valuation," says the _Times-Democrat_, "the result of any inflation in value, but the natural sequence of grand crops, new industries developed, new manufactories, mines, and lumber mills established."
The extension of railroads has been hardly less astonishing. In the eight States above enumerated there were in 1879 11,604 miles of railroad. There are now 17,891 miles, showing an increase in four years of 6,287 miles. The agricultural progress made is shown by the fact that the value of raw products raised in these States, including all crops, lumber, cattle, and wool, has advanced from $398,000,000 in 1879 to $567,000,000 in 1883, or an increase of $169,000,000. During this period the mineral output of Alabama alone has increased from $4,000,000 to $19,000,000, and the lumber product of Arkansas from $1,790,000 to $8,000,000.
The trade of New Orleans is a barometer of Southern industry and commerce. The value of domestic produce in that city in 1881-82 was $159,000,000; in 1882-83 it was $200,000,000. The value of exports of domestic produce to foreign countries in the former year amounted to $68,000,000; in the latter it reached $95,000,000.
These figures tell a remarkable story of recent progress in the Southern States. Always rich in natural resources, the South has long been poor through lack of development. It has at last entered upon a new era of industrial activity, and is now making rapid strides toward a stage of material prosperity commensurate with its great natural wealth.--_New York Herald_, September 12,1883.
Now, here is quite a remarkable fact to which I wish to call your attention, to show you the opportunities for labor existing in the South and what is the condition of certain counties in the South. I hold in my hand a book that is compiled for the benefit of the Georgia Pacific Railroad, but I happened to find it in my room and thought these matters would be interesting.
Q. The data you consider reliable?
--A. What I read I think comes from the census report; I think this is reliable:
In this connection let us glance at Montgomery County, Alabama, which, although not in the belt we are studying, is on the same prairie formation crossed by the Georgia Pacific Railway, on the edge of Mississippi. Compare it with Butler County, Ohio, which "shows the best record of any county in the West." In live stock Montgomery has $1,748,273; Butler, $1,333,592.
That is the largest producing county in Ohio as compared with Montgomery County, Alabama, before the war.
Montgomery had 63,134 hogs; Butler, 51,640.
Animals slaughtered: Montgomery, $336,915; Butler, $318,274. In grain Butler was considerably ahead, but in roots Montgomery led.
Montgomery doubled Butler in the production of wool, and had its cotton crop to show besides.
The total value of the crops of Montgomery County was $3,264,170; those of Butler only $1,671,132.
There is Montgomery County, Alabama, compared with the leading producing county in Ohio.
Q. Do you know as to the relative size of the two counties?
--A. I think it was given here:
A handsome triumph for the Alabama county! And yet Montgomery is not up to the average of the prairie counties of Alabama.
I do not know the relative size. Here is a fact to which I wish to call particular attention:
We have examined the mortality tables of the United States census for 1880, and find that as regards health, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi make a better showing than some of the oldest and most densely populated Northern States.
There is generally an idea prevailing that the Southern States are very unhealthy. It is a point that bears directly on our labor question, and for that reason I wish to call special attention to this table, which is taken directly from the census:
ANNUAL DEATH RATE FOR EACH THOUSAND OF POPULATION
New York 17.38 Pennsylvania 14.92 Virginia 16.32 Ma.s.sachusetts 18.59 Kentucky 14.39 Georgia 13.97 Alabama 14.20 Mississippi 12.89
Mississippi has the smallest average death rate of any of that number of States which I have enumerated.
Q. I suppose the circ.u.mstance that the average death rate is larger in cities ought to be taken into account, the Southern population being mostly rural, is it not?
--A. The Southern population is to a very great extent rural--Still there are cities in Georgia which I suppose in proportion to our rural population would not make the latter in excess of what it is here. If you take your rural population here and in New Jersey, where you are densely populated, we are no more densely populated in the proportion of our city population to the country than you are here, I think.
Q. Of the population, which is, as a rule, the more healthy in the South, the colored or the white population?
By Mr. PUGH:
Q. There must be some qualification of that difference between the death rate between such States as Ma.s.sachusetts, for instance, and Georgia, on account of the fact--which I suppose must be conceded--that in these new States population is younger and more vigorous than in the older States. The emigration to these States has been of the younger and more vigorous population, not so liable to die as those who remain behind and are older?
--A. There has been but very little emigration into these States up to this census.
MR. PUGH. That is the fact to some extent, I suppose, anyway.
The CHAIRMAN. In that same connection, I suppose, should be borne in mind the fact that the population of these Eastern States is largely re-enforced by immigration from Europe, and that is of the younger and more vigorous European population, and I do not know but what the people in Ma.s.sachusetts will insist upon it that they are as young and as vigorous as anybody.
Mr. PUGH. I have no doubt. I saw a great many very old people there.
The WITNESS. I merely mentioned this because I wanted to do away with the impression which generally exists that the Southern States are very unhealthy.
Mr. PUGH. I have no doubt that what you state is true as a general fact.
The WITNESS. Now, to bear out the a.s.sertion which I made that the prosperity of the negroes began to increase with the cessation of race issues in the South, which has been so apparent to me that I can almost mark the time that it began, look at the cotton crop that is being made to a great extent by small farmers; look at the increase of the cotton crop in the different States in the last few years. For instance, take Georgia: in 1870 she made 473,934 bales of cotton; in 1880 she made 814,441, an increase of 75 per cent. Alabama in 1870 produced 429,482 bales; and in 1880 699,654, an increase of 62 per cent. Mississippi in 1870 produced 564,938 bales; in 1880 she produced 955,808 bales, an increase of 69 per cent.
Here is a very significant fact also with regard to the condition of our laborers in the South, and it shows one of the disadvantages we have had to labor under. During the war, and from the results of the war, nearly all of our live stock was destroyed, a great portion of it was destroyed, which left us after the war without the means of raising our own meat and such supplies at home, and took away from the South a great portion of our wealth, for we know that cattle, hogs &c., increase in arithmetical progress. If you have a hog, this year she bears so many pigs, and in a couple of years those pigs bear so many, and so on. But we were left without live stock. I have here a table which shows, even under those difficulties, the increase in that respect in the Southern States of live stock. These are very significant figures. It is entirely an accident that I happened to get hold of them last night. The live stock of New York in 1870 was 5,286,421; in 1880, 5,422,238, an increase of 2 per cent. In Pennsylvania it was 4,484,748 in 1870; in 1880, 5,255,204, an increase of 17 per cent. In Georgia, in 1870, it was 2,275,137; in 1880, 3,139,101, an increase of 38 per cent. In Alabama it was 1,606,299 in 1870, and in 1880, 2,586,221, an increase of 61 per cent, and in Mississippi, in 1870, it was 1,724,295, and in 1880, 2,398,334, an increase of 38 per cent. This shows that with all the disadvantages the South had to contend with of their stock cattle being destroyed, the natural advantages of climate and pasturage, to which I attribute it, existing in the South have enabled them to increase more rapidly their live stock than any other of the States of the Union. That shows clearly the advantages which that country offers for immigration and labor. This is an advantage to labor. As I stated in my written reply to your submitted questions, we work but few white laborers in my section of the country. Why? Because they soon become land-owners with the opportunities which present themselves to them. The white men will not be there more than two or three years before he has bought and paid for his land in almost every instance.
By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. And he becomes an employer himself?
--A. He becomes an employer himself.
Q. Does he usually locate upon the plantation lands along the rivers?
--A. No, sir; he cannot buy this land, because the planter would not divide a large plantation into tracts; he would not sell off a portion of his land without selling the whole.
Q. In how large tracts are the plantations held? Just mention the acreage of some of them that you are acquainted with.