[94] Letter from Rev. Robert Richards to Dr. Sami Hamarneh, 1 September 1966 (Division of Medical Sciences, Museum of History and Technology).
[95] On ancient cups, see CELSUS, op. cit. [note 6], pages 165-167; MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], pages 101-105 and plates; and BROCKBANK, op. cit.
[note 88], pages 65-72. The Inst.i.tute of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, has several metal cups dating from about A.D. 100.
[96] CASTIGLIONI, op. cit. [note 40], page 380.
[97] PIERRE DIONIS, _Cours d"operations de chirurgie demonstrees au Jardin Royal_ (Paris, 1708), page 584.
[98] ReNe JACQUES CROISSANTE DE GARENGEOT, _Nouveau Traite des Instrumens de Chirurgie les plus utiles_ (The Hague, 1725), page 342.
[99] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 585.
[100] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], pages 27-28. See also GEORGE FREDERICK KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 29.
[101] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90]; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87]; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2]; and MONSON HILLS, "A Short Treatise on the Operation of Cupping," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 9 (1834), pages 261-273.
[102] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page vi.
[103] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 125.
[104] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 57 on page 583.
[105] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33.
[106] JOHN H. SAVIGNY, _A Collection of Engravings representing the Most Modern and Approved Instruments Used in the Practice of Surgery_ (London, 1798), plate 7. For the earlier grease lamp, see J. A. BRAMBILLA, _Instrumentarium Chirurgic.u.m Viennense oder Wiennerliche Chirurgische Instrumenten Sammlung_ (Vienna, 1780), plate 2.
[107] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 123; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33; HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 263.
[108] See DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 58 on page 583; and LAURENCE HEISTER, op. cit. [note 47], page 329 and plate 12. The parallel incisions were described in antiquity by Oribasius (ca. A.D.
360), the most important medical author after Galen and the friend of the emperor Julian. See GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 3, page 563.
[109] AMBROISE PARe, _The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare_, translated by Thomas Johnson (London, 1634). Reprint edition (Pound Ridge, New York: Milford House, 1968), page 446. The drawing first appeared in Pare"s treatise "Methode de traiter des playes de la teste" in 1561.
[110] PAULUS AEGINETA, _Medicinae Totius enchiridion_ (Basileae, 1541), page 460.
[111] ALBERT WILHELM HERMANN SEERIG, _Armamentarium chirurgic.u.m oder moglichst vollstandige Sammlung von Abbildungen und Beschreibung Chirurgischer Instrument alterer und neuerer Zeit_ (Breslau, 1838), page 598.
[112] JACQUES DELECHEMPS, _Chirurgie Francoise Recueillie_ (Lyon, 1564, page 174); h.e.l.lKIAH CROOKE. _Micrographia: A Description of the Body of Men ... with an Explanation of the Fashion and Use of Three & Fifty Instruments of Chirurgy_ (London, 1631).
[113] GARENGEOT, op. cit. [note 98], pages 347, 351.
[114] HEISTER (1719), op. cit. [note 18], page 329. Lorenz Heister _... Chirurgie ..._ (Nuremberg, 1719) includes the same picture of the scarificator as the 1759 English translation.
[115] HEISTER (1759), op. cit. [note 47], page 330.
[116] See BRAMBILLA, op. cit. [note 106], plate 2; DENIS DIDEROT, _Dictionnaire risonne des sciences, arts et metiers. Recueil des planches_ (Lausanne and Berne, 1780), volume 2, plate 23; and BENJAMIN BELL, _A System of Surgery_, 5th edition (Edinburgh, 1791), volume 1, plate 5.
[117] JAMES LATTA, _A Practical System of Surgery_ (Edinburgh, 1795), volume 1, plate I; BENJAMIN BELL, _A System of Surgery_, 7th edition (Edinburgh, 1801), volume 3, plate 7.
[118] JOHN WEISS, _An Account of Inventions and Improvements in Surgical Instruments Made by John Weiss, 62, Strand_, 2nd edition (London, 1831), pages 12-13. A Mr. Fuller introduced a similar improvement, which Weiss claimed Fuller had pirated from him. The only difference between Weiss"s Improved Scarificator and Fuller"s Improved Scarificator was that the blades in Weiss"s were arch shaped and those of Fuller"s crescent shaped.
The cupper, Knox, preferred the crescent blades because they gave a sharper cut. In any case, most nineteenth-century scarificators were made with crescent-shaped blades. On Fuller"s scarificator, see BAYFIELD, op.
cit. [note 87], pages 99-100; and, SEERIG, op. cit. [note 111], pages 604-605 and plate 56.
[119] _Extract du Catalogue de la maison Charriere_ (Paris, 1843), page 30; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 39, 40.
[120] This statement is based on the perusal of a wide variety of nineteenth-century trade catalogs. See "List of Trade Catalogs Consulted."
[121] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page xii.
[122] Ibid., pages 14-15.
[123] HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 266.
[124] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 116.
[125] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 53-64.
[126] Ibid., page 68.
[127] HERO OF ALEXANDRIA, _The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria_, translated by Bennet Woodcroft (London, 1851).
[128] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 2, page 565 and plate X.
[129] BRAMBILLA, op. cit. [note 106], page 42, mentioned but did not picture a cup with air pump. One of the earliest ill.u.s.trations of a cup with pump is found in SAVIGNY, op. cit. [note 106], plate 7.
[130] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], page 63.
[131] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 32.
[132] JOHN READ, _A Description of Read"s Patent Syringe Pump_ (London, no date). See also JOHN READ, _An Appeal to the Medical Profession on the Utility of the Improved Patent Syringe_, 2nd edition (London, ca. 1825).
[133] WEISS, op. cit. [note 118], page 87; CHAS. TRUAX, GREENE & CO., _Price List of Physicians" Supplies_, 6th edition (Chicago, 1893), pages 989-1010.
[134] "Notice sur l"acupuncture et sur une nouvelle espece de ventouse armee de lancettes, inventee par A.-P. Demours," _Journal universal des sciences medicales_, volume 15 (1819), pages 107-113; BAYFIELD, op. cit.
[note 87], pages 73-81.
[135] THOMAS MACh.e.l.l, "Description of an Apparatus for Cupping, Dry Cupping, and Drawing the b.r.e.a.s.t.s of Females; With some Observations Respecting Its Use," _London Medical and Physical Journal_, volume 42 (1819), pages 378-380; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 81-89.
[136] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 92-93.
[137] ROBERT J. DODD, "Improved Cupping Apparatus," _The American Journal of the Medical Sciences_, new series, volume 7 (1844), page 510. See also patent specifications, U.S. patent 3537.
[138] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 68985.
[139] HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 261.
[140] GILLESPIE, op. cit. [note 93], page 29.