1885. Entered ecole de Guerre, a college for staff officers.
1891. Major in artillery.
1900. Lieutenant-colonel. Professor in ecole de Guerre.
1905. Director of ecole de Guerre.
1914. General, in command 20th corps.
1917. Chief of general staff.
1918. Commander-in-chief of Allied forces.
1918. Marshal of France.
PERSHING
THE LEADER OF AMERICA"S BIGGEST ARMY
It was a historic moment, on that June day, in the third year of the World War. On the landing stage at the French harbor of Boulogne was drawn up a company of French soldiers, who looked eagerly at the approaching steamer. They were not dress parade soldiers nor smart cadets--only battle-scarred veterans home from the trenches, with the tired look of war in their eyes. For three years they had been hoping and praying that the Americans would come--and here they were at last!
As the steamer slowly approached the dock, a small group of officers might be discerned, looking as eagerly landward as the men on sh.o.r.e had sought them out. In the center of this group stood a man in the uniform of a General in the United States Army. There was, however, little to distinguish his dress from that of his staff, except the marks of rank on his collar, and the service ribbons across his breast.
To those who could read the insignia, they spelled many days of arduous duty in places far removed. America was sending a seasoned soldier, one tried out as by fire.
The man"s face was seamed from exposure to the suns of the tropics and the sands of the desert. But his dark eyes glowed with the untamable fire of youth. He was full six feet in height, straight, broad-shouldered, and muscular. The well-formed legs betrayed the old-time calvalryman. The alert poise of the man showed a nature constantly on guard against surprise--the typical soldier in action.
Such was General Pershing when he set foot on foreign sh.o.r.e at the head of an American army--the first time in history that our soldiers had ever served on European soil. America was at last repaying to France her debt of grat.i.tude, for aid received nearly a century and a half earlier. And it was an Alsatian by descent who could now say:
"Lafayette, we come!"
Who was this man who had been selected for so important a task? The eyes of the whole world were upon him, when he reached France. His was a task of tremendous difficulties, and a single slip on his part would have brought shame upon his country, no less than upon himself. That he was to succeed, and to win the official thanks of Congress are now matters of history. The story of his wonderful campaign against the best that Germany could send against him is also an oft-told story.
But the rise of the man himself to such commanding position is a tale not so familiar, yet none the less interesting.
The great-grandfather of General Pershing was an emigrant from Alsace--fleeing as a boy from the military service of the Teutons. He worked his way across to Baltimore, and not long thereafter volunteered to fight in the American Revolution. His was the spirit of freedom.
He fled to escape a service that was hateful, because it represented tyranny; but was glad to serve in the cause of liberty.
The original family name was Pfirsching, but was soon shortened to its present form. The Pershings got land grants in Pennsylvania, and began to prosper. As the clan multiplied the sons and grandsons began to scatter. They had the pioneer spirit of their ancestors.
At length, John F. Pershing, a grandson of Daniel, the first immigrant, went to the Middle West, to work on building railroads. These were the days, just before the Civil War, when railroads were being thrown forward everywhere. Young Pershing had early caught the fever, and had worked with construction gangs in Kentucky and Tennessee. Now as the railroads pushed still further West, he went with them as section foreman--after first persuading an attractive Nashville girl, Ann Thompson, to go with him as his wife.
Their honeymoon was spent among the hardships of a construction camp in Missouri; and here at Laclede, in a very primitive house, John Joseph Pershing was born, September 13, 1860.
The boy inherited a st.u.r.dy frame and a love of freedom from both sides of the family. His mother had come of a race quite as good as that of his father. They were honest, law-abiding, G.o.d-fearing people, who saw to it that John and the other eight children who followed were reared soberly and strictly. The Bible lay on the center table and the willow switch hung conveniently behind the door.
After the line of railroad was completed upon which the father had worked, he came to Laclede and invested his savings in a small general store. It proved a profitable venture. It was the only one in town, and Pershing"s reputation for square-dealing brought him many customers. A neighbor pays him this tribute:
"John F. Pershing was a man of commanding presence. He was a great family man and loved his family devotedly. He was not lax, and ruled his family well.
"The Pershing family were zealous church people. John F. Pershing was the Sunday School superintendent of the Methodist Church all the years he lived here. Every Sunday you could see him making his way to church with John on one side and Jim on the other, Mrs. Pershing and the girls following along."
John F. Pershing was a strong Union man, and although local feeling ran high between the North and the South, he retained the esteem of his neighbors. He had one or two close calls from the "bushwhackers," as roving rangers were called, but his family escaped harm.
At times during the War, he was entrusted with funds by various other families, and acted as a sort of local bank. After the War he was postmaster.
The close of the War found the younger John a stocky boy of five. He began to attend the village school and take an active part in the boyish sports of a small town. There was always plenty to do, whether of work or play. One of his boyhood chums writes:
"John Pershing was a clean, straight, well-behaved young fellow. He never was permitted to loaf around on the streets. n.o.body jumped on him, and he didn"t jump on anybody. He attended strictly to his own business. He had his lessons when he went to cla.s.s. He was not a big talker. He said a lot in a few words, and didn"t try to cut any swell.
He was a hard student. He was not brilliant, but firm, solid, and would hang on to the very last. We used to study our lessons together evenings. About nine-thirty or ten o"clock, I"d say:
""John, how are you coming?"
""Pretty stubborn."
""Better go to bed, hadn"t we?"
""No, Charley, I"m going to work this out.""
Another schoolmate gives us a more human picture:
"As a boy, Pershing was not unlike thousands of other boys of his age, enjoying the same pleasures and games as his other boyhood companions.
He knew the best places to shoot squirrels or quail, and knew where to find the hazel or hickory nuts. He knew, too, where the coolest and deepest swimming pools in the Locust, Muddy, or Turkey creeks were.
Many a time we went swimming together in Pratt"s Pond."
About this time Pershing"s father added to his other ventures the purchase of a farm near Laclede, and the family moved out there. Then there was indeed plenty of work to do. The ch.o.r.es often began before sun-up, and lasted till after dark; and the children were lucky to find time for schooling during the late Fall and Winter months. John, however, kept doggedly at it, and managed to get a fair, common-school education.
When he was barely in his "teens, his first set task was given him--to teach in a negro school. This school had been established after the War ended, but the teacher had gone, and no one else seemed available for the job. John was sober and studious, and besides was so well grown for his age that they banked on his ability to "lick" any negro boy that got obstreperous.
He succeeded sufficiently in this venture, to cause him to take up teaching regularly, in white schools, with a view to paying for his education. He wanted to study law, and his parents encouraged the idea. His work in these country schools was invaluable to him in teaching him how to govern others. A former pupil of his writes:
"Though he never sought a quarrel, young Pershing was known as "a game fighter," who never acknowledged defeat. One day, at Prairie Mound, at the noon hour a big farmer with red sideburns rode up to the schoolhouse with a revolver in his hand. Pershing had whipped one of the farmer"s children, and the enraged parent intended to give the young schoolmaster a flogging.
"I remember how he rode up cursing before all the children in the schoolyard, and how another boy and I ran down a gully because we were afraid. We peeked over the edge, though, and heard Pershing tell the farmer to put up his gun, get down off his horse, and fight like a man.
"The farmer got down and John stripped off his coat. He was only a boy of seventeen or eighteen and slender, but he thrashed the old farmer soundly. And I have hated red sideburns ever since."
After several terms of country school teaching, young Pershing saved up enough money to enter the State Normal School, at Kirksville, Mo. One of his sisters went with him. He remained there for two terms, doing his usual good steady work, but was still dissatisfied. He wanted to get a better education.
About this time he happened to notice an announcement of a compet.i.tive examination in his district for an entrance to West Point. The soldiering side did not appeal to him, but the school side did.
"I wouldn"t stay in the army," he remarked to a friend. "There won"t be a gun fired in the world for a hundred years, I guess. If there isn"t, I"ll study law, but I want an education, and now I see how I can get it."
His mother was by no means "sold" on the idea of his becoming a soldier either, and it was only when he a.s.sured her that there wouldn"t be a gun fired in a hundred years, that she finally consented. If she could have looked ahead to his future career, and final part in the greatest war the world has ever known--one wonders what her emotions would have been!
Pershing pa.s.sed his entrance examination by a narrow margin, and then entered a training school at Highland Falls, N. Y., for tutoring in certain deficient branches. At last in June, 1882, when he was just rounding his twenty-second year, he became a freshman in the great Academy on the Hudson.
The young plebe from the West speedily fell in love with the inst.i.tution and all that it represented. He found the soldier life awakening in him, along with his desire for a good education. Four happy years were spent there--and while he didn"t shine, being number thirty in a cla.s.s of seventy-seven, his all-around qualities made him many friends among both faculty and students. He was made ranking cadet captain in his senior year, and chosen cla.s.s president.
Twenty-five years later, writing from clear around the world, at Manila, to his cla.s.s, at a reunion, he gives a long, breezy account of his experience there, from which we have s.p.a.ce to quote only a few sentences:
"This brings up a period of West Point life whose vivid impressions will be the last to fade. Marching into camp, piling bedding, policing company streets for logs or wood carelessly dropped by upper cla.s.smen, pillow fights at tattoo with Marcus Miller, sabre drawn, marching up and down superintending the plebe cla.s.s, policing up feathers from the general parade; light artillery drills, double-timing around old Fort Clinton at morning squad drill; Wiley Bean and the sad fate of his seersucker coat; midnight dragging, and the whole summer full of events can only be mentioned in pa.s.sing.
"No one can ever forget his first guard tour with all its preparation and perspiration. I got along all right during the day, but at night on the color line my troubles began. Of course, I was scared beyond the point of properly applying any of my orders. A few minutes after taps, ghosts of all sorts began to appear from all directions. I selected a particularly bold one and challenged according to orders: "Halt, who comes there?" At that the ghost stood still in its tracks.
I then said: "Halt, who stands there?" Whereupon the ghost, who was carrying a chair, sat down. When I promptly said: "Halt, who sits there?" . . .