CLEOPATRA.
No, no; I love not that way; you are cozen"d; I love with as much ambition as a conqueror, And where I love will triumph!
CaeSAR.
So you shall: My heart shall be the chariot that shall bear you: All I have won shall wait upon you. By the G.o.ds, The bravery of this woman"s mind has fir"d me!
Dear mistress, shall I but this once----
CLEOPATRA.
How! Caesar!
Have I let slip a second vanity That gives thee hope?
CaeSAR.
You shall be absolute, And reign alone as queen; you shall be any thing.
CLEOPATRA.
Farewell, unthankful!
CaeSAR.
Stay!
CLEOPATRA.
I will not.
CaeSAR.
I command.
CLEOPATRA.
Command, and go without, sir, I do command _thee_ be my slave forever, And vex, while I laugh at thee!
CaeSAR.
Thus low, beauty---- [_He kneels_
CLEOPATRA.
It is too late; when I have found thee absolute, The man that fame reports thee, and to me, May be I shall think better. Farewell, conqueror!
(_Exit._)
Now this is magnificent poetry, but this is not Cleopatra, this is not "the gipsey queen." The sentiment here is too profound, the majesty too real, and too lofty. Cleopatra could be great by fits and starts, but never sustained her dignity upon so high a tone for ten minutes together. The Cleopatra of Fletcher reminds us of the antique colossal statue of her in the Vatican, all grandeur and grace. Cleopatra in Dryden"s tragedy is like Guido"s dying Cleopatra in the Pitti Palace, tenderly beautiful. Shakspeare"s Cleopatra is like one of those graceful and fantastic pieces of antique Arabesque, in which all anomalous shapes and impossible and wild combinations of form are woven together in regular confusion and most harmonious discord: and such, we have reason to believe, was the living woman herself, when she existed upon this earth.
OCTAVIA.
I do not understand the observation of a late critic, that in this play "Octavia is only a dull foil to Cleopatra." Cleopatra requires no foil, and Octavia is not dull, though in a moment of jealous spleen, her accomplished rival gives her that epithet.[77] It is possible that her beautiful character, if brought more forward and colored up to the historic portrait, would still be eclipsed by the dazzling splendor of Cleopatra"s; for so I have seen a flight of fireworks blot out for a while the silver moon and ever-burning stars. But here the subject of the drama being the love of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavia is very properly kept in the background, and far from any compet.i.tion with her rival: the interest would otherwise have been unpleasantly divided, or rather Cleopatra herself must have served but as a foil to the tender, virtuous, dignified, and generous Octavia, the very _beau ideal_ of a n.o.ble Roman lady:--
Admired Octavia, whose beauty claims No worse a husband than the best of men; Whose virtues and whose general graces speak That which none else can utter.
Dryden has committed a great mistake in bringing Octavia and her children on the scene, and in immediate contact with Cleopatra. To have thus violated the truth of history[78] might have been excusable, but to sacrifice the truth of nature and dramatic propriety, to produce a mere stage effect, was unpardonable. In order to preserve the unity of interest, he has falsified the character of Octavia as well as that of Cleopatra:[79] he has presented us with a regular scolding-match between the rivals, in which they come sweeping up to each other from opposite sides of the stage, with their respective trains, like two pea-hens in a pa.s.sion. Shakspeare would no more have brought his captivating, brilliant, but meretricious Cleopatra into immediate comparison with the n.o.ble and chaste simplicity of Octavia, than a connoisseur in art would have placed Canova"s Dansatrice, beautiful as it is, beside the Athenian Melpomene, or the Vestal of the Capitol.
The character of Octavia is merely indicated in a few touches, but every stroke tells. We see her with "downcast eyes sedate and sweet, and looks demure,"--with her modest tenderness and dignified submission--the very antipodes of her rival! Nor should we forget that she has furnished one of the most graceful similes in the whole compa.s.s of poetry, where her soft equanimity in the midst of grief is compared to
The swan"s down feather That stands upon the swell at flood of tide, And neither way inclines.
The fear which, seems to haunt the mind of Cleopatra, lest she should be "chastised by the sober eye" of Octavia, is exceedingly characteristic of the two women: it betrays the jealous pride of her, who was conscious that she had forfeited all real claim to respect; and it places Octavia before us in all the majesty of that virtue which could strike a kind of envying and remorseful awe even into the bosom of Cleopatra. What would she have thought and felt, had some soothsayer foretold to her the fate of her own children, whom she so tenderly loved? Captives, and exposed to the rage of the Roman populace, they owed their existence to the generous, admirable Octavia, in whose mind there entered no particle of littleness. She received into her house the children of Antony and Cleopatra, educated them with her own, treated them with truly maternal tenderness, and married them n.o.bly.
Lastly, to complete the contrast, the death of Octavia should be put in comparison with that of Cleopatra.
After spending several years in dignified retirement, respected as the sister of Augustus, but more for her own virtues, Octavia lost her eldest son Marcellus, who was expressively called the "Hope of Rome."
Her fort.i.tude gave way under this blow, and she fell into a deep melancholy, which gradually wasted her health. While she was thus declining into death, occurred that beautiful scene, which has never yet, I believe, been made the subject of a picture, but should certainly be added to my gallery, (if I had one,) and I would hang it opposite to the dying Cleopatra. Virgil was commanded by Augustus to read aloud to his sister that book of the Eneid in which he had commemorated the virtues and early death of the young Marcellus. When he came to the lines--
This youth, the blissful vision of a day, Shall just be shown on earth, then s.n.a.t.c.h"d away, &c.
The mother covered her face, and burst into tears. But when Virgil mentioned her son by name, ("Tu Marcellus eris,") which he had artfully deferred till the concluding lines, Octavia, unable to control her agitation, fainted away. She afterwards, with a magnificent spirit, ordered the poet a gratuity of ten thousand sesterces for each line of the panegyric.[80] It is probable that the agitation she suffered on this occasion hastened the effects of her disorder; for she died soon after, (of grief, says the historian,) having survived Antony about twenty years.
VOLUMNIA.
Octavia, however, is only a beautiful sketch, while in Volumnia, Shakspeare has given us the portrait of a Roman matron, conceived in the true antique spirit, and finished in every part. Although Coriola.n.u.s is the hero of the play, yet much of the interest of the action and the final catastrophe turn upon the character of his mother, Volumnia, and the power she exercised over his mind, by which, according to the story, "she saved Rome and lost her son." Her lofty patriotism, her patrician haughtiness, her maternal pride, her eloquence, and her towering spirit, are exhibited with the utmost power of effect; yet the truth of female nature is beautifully preserved, and the portrait, with all its vigor, is without harshness.
I shall begin by ill.u.s.trating the relative position and feelings of the mother and son; as these are of the greatest importance in the action of the drama, and consequently most prominent in the characters. Though Volumnia is a Roman matron, and though her country owes its salvation to her, it is clear that her maternal pride and affection are stronger even than her patriotism. Thus when her son is exiled, she burst into an imprecation against Rome and its citizens:--
Now the red pestilence strikes all trades in Rome, And occupations perish!
Here we have the impulses of individual and feminine nature, overpowering all national and habitual influences. Volumnia would never have exclaimed like the Spartan mother, of her dead son, "Sparta has many others as brave as he;" but in a far different spirit she says to the Romans,--
Ere you go, hear this: As far as doth the Capitol exceed The meanest house in Rome, so far my son, Whom you have banished, does exceed you all.
In the very first scene, and before the introduction of the princ.i.p.al personages, one citizen observes to another that the military exploits of Marcius were performed, not so much for his country"s sake "as to please his mother." By this admirable stroke of art, introduced with such simplicity of effect, our attention is aroused, and we are prepared in the very outset of the piece for the important part a.s.signed to Volumnia, and for her share in producing the catastrophe.
In the first act we have a very graceful scene, in which the two Roman ladies, the wife and mother of Coriola.n.u.s, are discovered at their needle-work, conversing on his absence and danger, and are visited by Valeria:--
The n.o.ble sisters of Publicola, The moon of Rome; chaste as the icicle, That"s curded by the frost from purest snow, And hangs on Dian"s temple!
Over this little scene Shakspeare, without any display of learning, has breathed the very spirit of cla.s.sical antiquity. The haughty temper of Volumnia, her admiration of the valor and high bearing of her son, and her proud but unselfish love for him, are finely contrasted with the modest sweetness, he conjugal tenderness, and the fond solicitude of his wife Virgilia.
VOLUMNIA.
When yet he was but tender-bodied, and the only son of my womb; when youth with comeliness pluck"d all gaze his way; when, for a day of king"s entreaties, a mother should not sell him an hour from her beholding--considering how honor would become such a person; that it was no better than picture-like to hang by the wall, if renown made it not stir,--was pleased to let him seek danger where he was like to find fame. To a cruel war I sent him, from whence he returned, his brows bound with oak. I tell thee, daughter--I sprang not more in joy at first hearing he was a man-child, than now in first seeing he had proved himself a man.