MACBETH.
Pr"ythee, peace I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more, is none.
LADY MACBETH.
What beast was it then, That made you break this enterprise to me?
When you durst do it, then you were a man; And, to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more the man. Nor time, nor place, Did then adhere, and yet you would make both; They have made themselves, and that their fitness now Does unmake you. I have given suck, and know How tender "tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it were smiling in my face, Have pluck"d my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash"d the brains out, had I so sworn, as you Have done to this.
MACBETH.
If we should fail.--
LADY MACBETH.
We fail.[113]
But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we"ll not fail.
Again, in the murdering scene, the obdurate inflexibility of purpose with which she drives on Macbeth to the execution of their project, and her masculine indifference to blood and death, would inspire unmitigated disgust and horror, but for the involuntary consciousness that it is produced rather by the exertion of a strong power over herself, than by absolute depravity of disposition and ferocity of temper. This impression of her character is brought home at once to our very hearts with the most profound knowledge of the springs of nature within us, the most subtle mastery over their various operations, and a feeling of dramatic effect not less wonderful. The very pa.s.sages in which Lady Macbeth displays the most savage and relentless determination, are so worded as to fill the mind with the idea of s.e.x, and place the _woman_ before us in all her dearest attributes, at once softening and refining the horror, and rendering it more intense. Thus, when she reproaches her husband for his weakness--
From this time, Such I account thy love!
Again,
Come to my woman"s b.r.e.a.s.t.s, And take my milk for gall, ye murdering ministers, That no compunctions visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, &c.
I have given suck, and know how tender "tis To love the babe that milks me, &c.
And lastly, in the moment of extremest horror comes that unexpected touch of feeling, so startling, yet so wonderfully true to nature--
Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done it!
Thus in one of Weber"s or Beethoven"s grand symphonies, some unexpected soft minor chord or pa.s.sage will steal on the ear, heard amid the magnificent crash of harmony, making the blood pause, and filling the eye with unbidden tears.
It is particularly observable, that in Lady Macbeth"s concentrated, strong-nerved ambition, the ruling pa.s.sion of her mind, there is yet a touch of womanhood: she is ambitious less for herself than for her husband. It is fair to think this, because we have no reason to draw any other inference either from her words or actions. In her famous soliloquy, after reading her husband"s letter, she does not once refer to herself. It is of him she thinks: she wishes to see her husband on the throne, and to place the sceptre within _his_ grasp. The strength of her affections adds strength to her ambition. Although in the old story of Boethius we are told that the wife of Macbeth "burned with unquenchable desire to bear the name of queen," yet in the aspect under which Shakspeare has represented the character to us, the selfish part of this ambition is kept out of sight. We must remark also, that in Lady Macbeth"s reflections on her husband"s character, and on that milkiness of nature, which she fears "may impede him from the golden round," there is no indication of female scorn: there is exceeding pride, but no egotism in the sentiment or the expression;--no want of wifely and womanly respect and love for _him_, but on the contrary, a sort of unconsciousness of her own mental superiority, which she betrays rather than a.s.serts, as interesting in itself as it is most admirably conceived and delineated.
Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be What thou art promised:--Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o" the milk of human kindness, To catch the nearest way. Thou would"st be great, Art not without ambition; but without The illness should attend it. What thou would"st highly That would"st thou holily; would"st not play false.
And yet would"st wrongly win: thou"dst have, great Glamis, That which cries, _Thus thou must do, if thou have it; And that which rather thou dost fear to do, Than wishest should be undone_. Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear; And chastise with the valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round, Which fate and metaphysical[114] aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal
Nor is there any thing vulgar in her ambition: as the strength of her affections lends to it something profound and concentrated, so her splendid imagination invests the object of her desire with its own radiance. We cannot trace in her grand and capacious mind that it is the mere baubles and trappings of royalty which dazzle and allure her: hers is the sin of the "star-bright apostate," and she plunges with her husband into the abyss of guilt, to procure for "all their days and nights sole sovereign sway and masterdom." She revels, she luxuriates in her dream of power. She reaches at the golden diadem, which is to sear her brain; she perils life and soul for its attainment, with an enthusiasm as perfect, a faith as settled, as that of the martyr, who sees at the stake, heaven and its crowns of glory opening upon him.
Great Glamis! worthy Cawdor!
Greater than both, by the all-hail _hereafter_!
Thy letters have transported me beyond This ignorant present, and I feel now The future in the instant!
This is surely the very rapture of ambition! and those who have heard Mrs. Siddons p.r.o.nounce the word _hereafter_, cannot forget the look, the tone, which seemed to give her auditors a glimpse of that awful _future_, which she, in her prophetic fury, beholds upon the instant.
But to return to the text before us: Lady Macbeth having proposed the object to herself, and arrayed it with an ideal glory, fixes her eye steadily upon it, soars far above all womanish feelings and scruples to attain it, and stoops upon her victim with the strength and velocity of a vulture; but having committed unflinchingly the crime necessary for the attainment of her purpose, she stops there. After the murder of Duncan, we see Lady Macbeth, during the rest of the play, occupied in supporting the nervous weakness and sustaining the fort.i.tude of her husband; for instance, Macbeth is at one time on the verge of frenzy, between fear and horror, and it is clear that if she loses her self-command, both must perish:--
MACBETH.
One cried, _G.o.d bless us!_ and, _Amen!_ the other, As they had seen me, with these hangman"s hands.
Listening their fear, I could not say, _Amen!_ When they did say, _G.o.d bless us!_
LADY MACBETH.
Consider it not so deeply!
MACBETH.
But wherefore could not I p.r.o.nounce, amen?
I had most need of blessing, and amen Stuck in my throat.
LADY MACBETH.
These deeds must not be thought After these ways: so, it will make us mad.
MACBETH.
Methought I heard a voice cry, "Sleep no more," &c. &c.
LADY MACBETH.
What do you mean? who was it that thus cried?
Why, worthy Thane, You do unbend your n.o.ble strength, to think So brainsickly of things.--Go, get some water, &c. &c.
Afterwards, in act iii., she is represented as muttering to herself,
Nought"s had, all"s spent, When our desire is got without content;
yet immediately addresses her moody and conscience-stricken husband--
How now, my lord? why do you keep alone, Of sorriest fancies your companions making?
Using those thoughts, which should indeed have died With them they think on? Things without remedy, Should be without regard; what"s done, is done.
But she is nowhere represented as urging him on to new crimes, so far from it, that when Macbeth darkly hints his purposed a.s.sa.s.sination of Banquo, and she inquires his meaning, he replies,
Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, Till thou approve the deed.
The same may be said of the destruction of Macduff"s family. Every one must perceive how our detestation of the woman had been increased, if she had been placed before us as suggesting and abetting those additional cruelties into which Macbeth is hurried by his mental cowardice.
If my feeling of Lady Macbeth"s character be just to the conception of the poet, then she is one who could steel herself to the commission of a crime from necessity and expediency, and be daringly wicked for a great end, but not likely to perpetrate gratuitous murders from any vague or selfish fears. I do not mean to say that the perfect confidence existing between herself and Macbeth could possibly leave her in ignorance of his actions or designs: that heart-broken and shuddering allusion to the murder of Lady Macduff (in the sleeping scene) proves the contrary:--
The thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now?
But she is nowhere brought before us in immediate connection with these horrors, and we are spared any flagrant proof of her partic.i.p.ation in them. This may not strike us at first, but most undoubtedly has an effect on the general bearing of the character, considered as a whole.
Another more obvious and pervading source of interest arises from that bond of entire affection and confidence which, through the whole of this dreadful tissue of crime and its consequences, unites Macbeth and his wife; claiming from us an involuntary respect and sympathy, and shedding a softening influence over the whole tragedy. Macbeth leans upon her strength, trusts in her fidelity, and throws himself on her tenderness.