(_Author"s Collection._)]
XI
PICTORIAL NEEDLEWORK OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The "painted faces" period--Method of production--Revival of Scriptural "motifs"--Modern fakes--Black silk and hair copies of engravings.
An immense number of pictures must have been worked during the eighteenth century. Almost, we might say, no English home is without an example. Much of the work is intensely bad, and only that Time has tenderly softened the colours, and the old-time dresses add an element of quaintness to the pictures, can they be tolerated. Works of art they are not, and, indeed, were never intended to occupy the place their owners now proudly claim for them. Just here and there a picture of the painted face type is a masterpiece of st.i.tchery, as in the example ill.u.s.trated, where every thread has been worked by an _artiste_. Looking at this little gem across a room, the effect is that of a charming old colour print, so tenderly are the lines of shading depicted. This is the only picture of this cla.s.s that I have seen for years as an absolutely perfect specimen of the eighteenth-century silk pictures, though doubtless many exist.
The discrepancy which is usually found is that, although the design and outline is perfect, the faces and hands exquisitely painted, the needlework part of the picture has been executed in a foolish, inartistic manner, and no method of light and shade has been observed.
Some little time ago I published an article in one of the popular monthly Magazines ill.u.s.trating this same picture, and was afterwards inundated with letters from correspondents from far and near sending their pictures for valuation and--admiration! Not one of these pictures was good, though there were varying degrees of _badness_. But in no instance was the painted face crudely drawn or badly coloured.
The explanation is that just as the modern needlewoman goes to a Needlework Depot and obtains pieces of embroidery already commenced and the design of the whole drawn ready for completion, so these old needle pictures were sold ready for embroidering, the outline of the trees sketched in fine sepia lines, the distant landscape already painted, the faces and hands of the figures charmingly coloured, in many instances by first-cla.s.s artists. When we remember that the eighteenth century was _par excellence_ the great period of English portrait painting and colour printing, we can understand that possibly really fine artists were willing to paint these exquisite faces on fine silk and satin, just as good artists of the present day often paint "pot-boilers" while waiting for fame.
[Ill.u.s.tration: EMBROIDERED SILK PICTURE OF "THE LAST SUPPER."
Eighteenth Century.
(_S.K.M. Collection._)]
Angelica Kauffmann"s style was often copied. Is it too much to believe that some of these charming faces may have been from her hands? We know that she painted furniture and china, therefore why not the faces of the needlework pictures so nearly akin to her own work?
The eighteenth-century costume was particularly adapted to this pretty work. We cannot imagine the voluminous robes of Queen Mary or Queen Anne in needle-st.i.tchery, but the soft, silky lawns of the Georgian periods, the high-waisted bodices, the _bouffant_ fichus and the flowing head-dresses, all were specially easy and graceful to work. Many of the pretty children Sir Joshua loved to paint were copied. "Innocence" made a charming picture, and several of the less rustic Morland pictures were copied.
We would imagine that when the beginnings of the picture were so glorious the needlewoman would have made some endeavour to work up to it. But, alas! it was not so. Though often the st.i.tching is neat and small, not an idea of shading seems to have entered the worker"s mind, and whole s.p.a.ces, nay, a complete garment, are often worked solid in one tone of colour! On the whole there is far more artistic sense and feeling in the Stump pictures it is the fashion to deride.
Not always were dainty pastoral and domestic scenes worked. Very ghastly creations are still existent of scriptural subjects. Coa.r.s.ely worked in wool, instead of silk, or in a mixture of both. The painting is still good, but the work and the subjects are execrable! "Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac," on the pile of f.a.ggots already laid, and Isaac bound on it, with a very woolly lamb standing ready as a subst.i.tute, was a favourite subject. "Abraham dismissing Hagar and Ishmael," with a malignant-looking Sarah in the distance, vies with the former in popularity. "The Woman of Samaria," and "The Entombment," are another pair of unpleasant pictures which we are often called upon to admire.
The best of these pictures were worked in fine floss silk, not quite like the floss silk of to-day, as it had more twist and body in it, with just a little fine chenille, and very tiny bits of silver thread to heighten the effect. The worst were worked in _crewel_ wools of crude colours. Fortunately, the moth has a special predilection for these pictures, and they are slowly being eaten out of existence, in spite of being cherished as heirlooms and works of art.
Another pretty style which we seldom meet with was some part of the picture covered with the almost obsolete "aerophane," a kind of chiffon or c.r.a.pe which was much in request even up to fifty years ago. A certain part of the draperies was worked on the silk ground, without any attempt at finish. This was covered with aerophane, and outlined so as to attach it to the figure. This again was worked upon with very happy effects, very fine darning st.i.tches making the requisite depth of shading. The ill.u.s.tration shows the use of this, but this cannot be said to be a very good specimen.
[Ill.u.s.tration: "PAINTED FACE" SILK-EMBROIDERED PICTURE.
Eighteenth Century.
(_Author"s Collection._)]
These painted face, silk-worked pictures are the only needlework examples the collector _need to beware of_, as they are being reproduced by the score. The method of working in the poorer specimens is very simple, and it pays the "faker" to sell for 2 or 3 what takes, perhaps, only half a day to produce. When a well-executed picture is produced it is worth money, but so far I have seen none, except at the Royal School of Needlework, where the copying of old pictures of the period is exceedingly well done, and not intended to deceive. The prices, however, are almost prohibitive, as no modern needlework picture is worth from 15 to 30. They are, after all, only copies, and in no sense of the word works of art.
During the eighteenth century, also, a fashion set in of adorning engravings with pieces of cloth, silk, and tinsel. At best it was a stupid fancy, and was responsible for the destruction of many fine old mezzotints and coloured prints. The hands, face, and background of an engraving were cut out, and pasted on a sheet of cardboard, pieces of some favourite brocaded gown, perhaps, were attached to the neck and shoulders, tiny lace tuckers were inserted, and gorgeous jewellery was simulated by wretched bits of tinsel tr.i.m.m.i.n.g. The realism of the Stuart stump picture was never so atrocious as this baleful invention, which was as meretricious as a waxwork show.
Not so popular, but far better, were the pictures worked on white silk with black silk and hair. There were no artistic aspirations about these--they were copies in black and white of the engravings of the day, just as a pen-and-ink or pencil copy might be made. Very dainty st.i.tchery was put in them, the stronger parts of the lines being in fine black silk, the finer and more distant being worked in human hair of various shades from black to brown. Occasionally golden and even white hair is used, and the effect is often that of a faded engraving. The silk ground on which these little pictures were worked is, however, often cracked with age, and many pretty specimens are ruined. The ill.u.s.tration shows an example of the type of picture, and depicts "Charlotte weeping over the Tomb of Werther."
[Ill.u.s.tration: BLACK SILK AND HAIR PICTURE.
Imitation of Engraving. Eighteenth Century.
(_Author"s Collection._)]
XII
NEEDLEWORK PICTURES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
XII
NEEDLEWORK PICTURES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Entire decline of needlework as an art--Miss Linwood"s invention!--The Berlin-wool pictures--Lack of efficient instruction--Waste of magnificent opportunity at South Kensington Museum.
It were kindest to ignore 19th century needlework, but in a book treating of English embroidery something must be said to bridge over the time when Needlecraft as an Art was _dead_. During the earlier part of the century taste was bad, during the middle it was beyond criticism, and from then to the time of the "greenery-yallery" aesthetic revival all and everything made by woman"s fingers ought to be buried, burnt, or otherwise destroyed. Indeed, if that drastic process could be carried out from the time good Queen Adelaide reigned to the early "eighties" we might not, now and ever, have to bow our heads in utter abjection.
The originator and moving spirit of this bad period was Miss Linwood, who conceived the idea of copying oil paintings in woolwork. She died in 1845. Would that she had never been born! When we think of the many years which English women have spent over those wickedly hideous Berlin-wool pictures, working their bad drawing and vilely crude colours into those awful canvases, and imagining that they were earning undying fame as notable women for all the succeeding ages, death was too good for Miss Linwood. The usual boiling oil would have been a fitter end!
Miss Linwood made a great _furore_ at the time of her invention, and held an exhibition in the rooms now occupied by Messrs. Puttick & Simpson, Leicester Square. Can we not imagine the shade of the great Sir Joshua Reynolds, whose home and studio these rooms had been, revisiting the glimpses of the moon, and while wandering up and down that famous old staircase forsaking his home for ever after one horrified glance at Miss Linwood"s invention?
Not only Miss Linwood, but Mrs. Delany and Miss Knowles made themselves famous for Berlin-wool pictures. The kindest thing to say is that the specimens which are supposed to have been worked by their own hands are considerably better than those of the half-dozen generations of their followers. During the middle and succeeding twenty years of the nineteenth century the notable housewife of every cla.s.s amused herself, at the expense of her mind, by working cross-st.i.tch pictures with crudely coloured wools (royal blue and rose-pink, magenta, emerald-green, and deep crimson were supposed to represent the actual colours of Nature), on very coa.r.s.e canvas. Landseer"s paintings were favourite studies, "Bolton Abbey in the Olden Times" lending itself to a choice range of violent colours and striking incidents. Nothing was too sacred for the Berlin-wool worker to lay hands upon. "The Crucifixion,"
"The Nativity," "The Flight into Egypt," "The Holy Family" were not only supposed to show the skill of the worker, but also the proper frame of mind the embroideress possessed. Pleasing little horrors such as the "Head of the Saviour in His Agony," and that of the Virgin with all her tortured mother love in her eyes were considered fit ornaments for drawing-room, which by the way were also adorned with wool and cotton crochet antimaca.s.sars, waxwork flowers under gla.s.s, and often astonishingly good specimens of fine Chelsea, Worcester, and Oriental china.
Never was the questions of how "having eyes and yet seeing not" more fully exemplified. The nation abounded in paintings, prints, fine needlework, and the product of our greatest period of porcelain manufacture. Fine examples were at hand everywhere. Exquisite prints belonging to our only good period, the eighteenth century, were common; yet rather than try their skill in copying these, the needlewomen, who possessed undoubted skill, enthusiasm, and infinite patience, preferred to copy realistic paintings of the Landseer school and the highly coloured prints of the Baxter and Le Blond period.
Unfortunately, the craze is by no means buried. Within the last twelve months I was invited to see the "works" of a wonderful needlewoman in a little Middles.e.x village. The local clergyman and doctor were sufficiently benighted even in these days of universal culture to admire her work, and her fame had spread. Room after room was filled with 10 by 8-feet canvases; every drawer in the house was crammed with the result of this clever woman"s work--for clever she undoubtedly was. After exhausting all the known subjects of Landseer and his school, she had struck out a line for herself, and had copied the _Graphic_ and _Ill.u.s.trated London News_ Supplements of the stirring scenes from the South African War, such as "The Siege of Ladysmith," "The Death of the Prince Imperial" in all its gruesome local colouring, were worked on gigantic canvases. Her great _chef d"oeuvre_ was, however, the memorial statue of Queen Victoria, copied from the _Graphic_ Supplement _in tones of black, white, and grey_, a most clever piece of work; but--well, she was happy and more than delighted with my perfectly honest remark that I had _never seen anything like it_!
Ah! if only this dear woman and the many others who are wasting their time and eyesight over fashions which perish could only be reached and aroused by the influence of the lovely old English st.i.tchery of our great period! If only the purblind authorities and custodians of our National collections could awaken to the infinite possibilities which they hold, once again "Opus Anglic.u.m" might rule the world, and the labour of even one woman"s life might be of lasting value. It is useless to refer to the many schools of embroidery there are in different parts of the country, where fine work is being done on the best lines. These schools, from the Royal School of Needlework downwards, are "closed corners," and no attempt is made to reach the great public. The Royal School of Needlework is maintained by no subsidy as it ought to be, but by the many ladies of position and taste who liberally support it, both for the instruction and employment of "ladies of reduced circ.u.mstances,"
and for _the disposal of its work at very high prices_. Other schools in town are simply private adventure inst.i.tutions, run at a considerable profit to the princ.i.p.als.
The superb collection at South Kensington might as well be buried in the crypt of Westminster Cathedral for all the value it is to the general public. There is not the slightest attempt to allow these unique pieces of "Opus Anglic.u.m" to point a moral or adorn a tale. The magnificent copes and vestments, of which there are some score, are merely tabulated, paragraphed, and photographed, and there is an end of them.
During my constant visits to these treasures of English Art I have not once discovered another interested visitor amongst these beautiful vestments; and the officials, when interviewed, though perfectly courteous, apparently resent inquiries; and woe betide the unfortunate inquirers who _might_ have found the required information from the tiny little printed card hidden either too low or too high in the dark recesses of the corridors, and so spared these _savants_ the trouble of an interview!
Why a continuous course of lectures on this and every kindred Art subject is not made compulsory at the Victoria and Albert Museum is one of the burning questions of the hour among the cultured collectors of the day. The custodians are supposed to be men of special insight in the branches over which they preside, yet for all the advantage to the public they might as well be waxwork dummies. What we want as a nation is "culture while we wait," and writ so large that those who run may read, and until this consummation is attained we shall ever remain in the Slough of Despond, and Art for Art"s sake will continue dead.
XIII
EMBROIDERY IN "COSTUME"