and "While shepherds watched their flocks by night," were sung in the native tongue on the spot where men had bought and sold their brethren, and as the "up-and-down music" of chiming bells greets the traveller from the Cathedral tower, it will bring to his mind many a brave name among clergy, teachers, sailors and statesmen who took their part in "healing the open sore of the world."
MARY H. DEBENHAM.
SAVED BY A GIPSY.
The late Archduke Joseph of Austria was fond of telling a story of how he bad been saved from disaster by a gipsy soldier.
It happened during the war with Prussia, in 1866, when the camp was pitched near a Bohemian village. A little before dawn the Duke was awakened by the sentry"s challenge, "Halt! who goes there?" and directly afterwards an adjutant came in to say that a gipsy was outside, and insisting on speaking to him in private.
The gipsy was a soldier, and on his being admitted, the Archduke asked him what he had to say.
"The enemy is stealing on us, and wishes to surprise us," was the man"s answer.
"But the outposts have seen nothing suspicious," said the Archduke.
"No, your Highness," said the gipsy, "because the enemy is still far off; but he will soon be here, and then we are undone."
"Well! but how do you know this?"
"Will your Highness step to the window?" said the soldier respectfully.
"Do you see the number of birds flying out of the woods to the south?"
"I see them--but what then?" said the Duke.
"What then?" repeated the gipsy, looking full at the Archduke; "do not birds sleep at night as well as men? They would not be on the wing if there was peace in the forest. The enemy is certainly coming through the woods, and that is what has scared the birds."
So the Archduke gave orders to strengthen the outposts and to rouse the camp, and when the foe arrived, they found--not a sleeping camp, as they had expected, but an enemy well prepared to give them a warm welcome.
The camp had been saved by the intelligence of the gipsy soldier.
"FIRE!"
Calm and still the waves are lapping, Silvered by the moon"s pale light, As the n.o.ble ship glides onward In the silence of the night; While the exile, home returning, Dreaming of his heart"s desire, Starts from slumber, rudely wakened By the dreadful cry of "Fire!"
In the smoke and din and turmoil, There the captain takes his stand; "First the women and the children,"
Clearly rings his stern command.
Boats are manned, and strong arms rowing, Bring them safely to the sh.o.r.e, Where kind hands are stretched to greet them, Safe from danger, home once more!
MARVELS OF MAN"S MAKING.
VIII--THE FORTH BRIDGE.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
The mouth of the Forth has very nearly bitten Scotland in two, and anybody who wishes to travel from Edinburgh to Dunfermline would have to go a long way round if they objected to crossing the river. Formerly a great many people _did_ object to this, because they knew that, although the voyage was only about a short mile, the great billows from the North Sea would meet them before it was over, and give them a very unpleasant time. So everybody who had anything to do with the Forth was willing that it should be spanned by a reliable bridge, and plans for carrying this into effect were frequently proposed. Indeed, arrangements were almost completed in 1879 for building a huge suspension bridge from sh.o.r.e to sh.o.r.e. The drawings were made, the estimates prepared, and the spades and trowels even beginning to work on the foundations, when, one sad December night, a terrible gale arose. All through the hours of darkness it roared and shrieked across the British Isles, working havoc upon sea and land, but, when morning came at last, few were prepared for the appalling catastrophe it had caused. Sweeping up the Firth of Tay, it had torn away a portion of the great railway bridge that crossed the inlet, and hurled it into the water. A train was pa.s.sing over at the time, and plunged into the abyss with all its pa.s.sengers. The terrible event shook public confidence, and we might almost say that the gale of that December night caught all the drawings and papers connected with the proposed suspension bridge over the Forth, and swept them from public favour.
[Ill.u.s.tration: "Fire!"]
Immediately afterwards, Sir John Fowler and Mr. Benjamin Baker (both celebrated engineers) came forward with an alternative plan of which no one could doubt the strength. It may perhaps be described as an arch-suspension bridge, because the design includes the strength of both styles; but engineers themselves call it a cantilever bridge.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Building the Bridge. The Forth Bridge at the Present Day.
Train crossing the Bridge.]
Work was begun in earnest in June, 1883, and the first pa.s.senger train crossed from sh.o.r.e to sh.o.r.e in March, 1890. At the place chosen for its erection, the river is one mile and one hundred and fifty yards wide.
Nearly in the middle of the stream there is a rocky island called Inchgarvie, and on this the great striding giant would have to plant one of its ponderous feet. But Inchgarvie was private property, and trespa.s.sers were likely to be prosecuted. So the stepping-stone for the giant to place its foot upon could not be laid there until the island had been bought and paid for. This being done, a huge caisson, similar to those which we have seen sunk under the piers of Brooklyn Bridge, was floated out to the island, and there lowered on to the rock under water, and firmly bedded. It was followed by three others, forming, as it were, the four corners of an oblong, which is two hundred and seventy feet long and one hundred and twenty wide. Eight more caissons were built, four for each side of the river, and these were sunk on to beds of firm clay, some of them being as much as seventy feet below the surface of the water. On each caisson a stone pier was built to take the iron columns of the main structure, and thus we see the bridge was to cross the mile-wide river in three strides. Starting from the southern sh.o.r.e at Queensferry, the first group of four stepping-stones lie six hundred and eighty feet away. Then comes a leap of one thousand seven hundred feet to the four on the island of Inchgarvie, followed by a similar bound to the four near the northern bank, and then a half-stride again of six hundred and eighty feet to land.
The three sets of caissons once being in their places, and the stone piers built on top of them, people at last began to see the beginning of the Forth Bridge. From each of the four piers in each group there slowly rose a huge steel tubular column, twelve feet in diameter, each pair leaning inwards, so that though at their bottoms they stood one hundred and twenty feet away from the pair on the opposite side (that being the width of the base of the bridge), the head of both pairs were only separated by a distance of thirty-three feet. This was done to afford greater resistance to the wind. Each group of four columns forms what are called the towers, and rises to a height of three hundred and thirty feet. They are firmly braced together by tie-girders and cross tubes nearly as large as themselves. They were erected section by section, rivets and hammers being used instead of trowel and mortar. Scarcely were their summits united when, from their feet, there began to spring on either side the great tubes forming the lower part of the arch. In the cantilever construction, the bridge grows right and left from its piers at the same moment, because balance must be maintained. As the lower arched tubes just mentioned stretched further over the water, sloping girders started downward from the tower top to meet them, and they were soon connected by lighter cross-ties. Tubes were used for the arch because they are best suited to bear the _compression_ strain caused by a train pa.s.sing over the bridge. The girder form was chosen to stretch downward from the tower top because it is better able to bear the tension or _pulling_ strain. They together form what is called a cantilever; if you lay the letter V on its side, the open end will represent roughly the place where the arch and girders start from the tower. Thus we see how the two strengths of suspension--cable and arch are combined in the Forth Bridge.
When the sets of cantilevers from the grouped piers had grown out toward one another till they were separated by only three hundred and fifty feet, the gap was spanned by a connecting girder, the joints between it and the cantilever being sufficiently loose to allow of the expansion and contraction of the great bridge with the changes of temperature.
The two "skeleton towers" on the north and south sides of the river are not so wide as the one on Inchgarvie, because their sh.o.r.eward cantilevers are supported on strong stone b.u.t.tresses, whereas the Inchgarvie cantilevers are both stretched out to the connecting girders only. The broader base helps to prevent the bridge see-sawing when a heavy train goes over it, and it is further a.s.sisted by the landward ends of the other two cantilevers being heavily loaded. This prevents them "tipping up" when the train has crossed the first tower on its way across the river.
It is easy to understand that such a mighty work was not accomplished without great danger, and it is surely a wonder that the knowledge of this danger did not make the workmen careful. Yet frequent accidents occurred entirely through their indifference to peril.
On one occasion a company of riveters were working on a platform which was being slowly raised to the summit of one of those lofty towers.
Suddenly the winch at the top, by which they were being hoisted, refused to act, and instead of looking down to ascertain the cause, the men continued to force the handle of the winch round till the toothed wheel broke. Down went the platform with its gang of workers, crashing from girder to girder, and striking other men headlong into the air, to be killed or wounded among the network of girders far below. This terrible accident caused the death of three people. A constant source of mishap was the thoughtless dropping of tools from great heights, and no appeals would induce the men to lay their implements down instead of throwing them from them as soon as done with. The authorities themselves did all they could to preserve the health of their men. Warm clothing was supplied to them, and even warm food and shelter were to be found on the summits of those windy towers, and out on the ends of the cantilevers over the icy river. Portable stoves in small kitchens were built in the most precarious positions, and a man could dine there as comfortably on a stormy day as in his own home.
Those who are fond of figures will be interested to learn that this enormous structure weighs fifty-one thousand tons, and is held together by nearly seven million rivets. It cost three million pounds, almost enough, one would think, to cast the stepping stones on which it rests in solid gold.
THE GIANT OF THE TREASURE CAVES.
(_Continued from page 235._)
On her return, Mrs. Wright found Estelle calmer; still very shaky, and with tears but half dried, but ready to listen to reason. Jack was a.s.suring her there was nothing to be afraid of: that nothing could or would happen to her in his absence. The cavern pa.s.sages and chambers were absolutely empty, and securely shut up by doors and iron gates. It was foolish to be so frightened about mere fancies.
Mrs. Wright gave her some of the cordial, and said she had better come to bed. She would soon forget her terrors in a sound, healthy sleep, and in the morning Goody would take her down to watch the boats come in, and Jack along with them. She should see all the beautiful fish they brought, and choose what she liked for their supper.
Estelle made no reply. She stood leaning against Goody, but her eyes were fixed with the same terror on Jack, as when he gathered up his things, and prepared to start.
"You are really going?" she began, her voice quivering, and the tears welling up again.
"Hush, my dear," said Mrs. Wright, holding her tight in her motherly arms. "I"ll take right good care of you."