Part II. shows "the historical council at Salamanca; Dominican monks support Columbus, but Cardinal Talavera and other priests ridicule him."
Columbus, to disprove their accusations of heresy on his part, quotes "sentence after sentence of the Bible in defense of his theory."
Part III. represents Columbus and his boy Diego in poverty before the Convent La Rabida. They pray for aid, and are succored by Father Juan Perez and his monks.
Part IV. contains a Spanish dance by the courtiers and ladies of Queen Isabella"s court; a song by the Queen, wherein she tells of her admiration for Columbus; the appearance of Father Juan, who pleads for the navigator and his cause; the discouraging arguments of Talavera; the hesitation of the Queen; her final decision to help Columbus in his undertaking, and her prayer for the success of the voyage.
Part V. is devoted to the voyage. Mr. Pratt has here endeavored to picture in a symphonic prelude "the peaceful progress upon the waters, the jubilant feeling of Columbus, and a flight of birds"--subjects dissimilar enough certainly to lend variety to any orchestral composition. The part, in addition to this prelude, contains the recitation by a sailor of "The Legend of St. Brandon"s Isle"; a song by Columbus; the mutiny of the sailors, and Columbus" vain attempts to quell it; his appeal to Christ and the holy cross for aid, following which "the miraculous appearance takes place and the sailors are awed into submission"; the chanting of evening vespers; the firing of the signal gun which announces the discovery of land, and the singing of a _Gloria in Excelsis_ by Columbus, the sailors, and a chorus of angels.
Part VI. is the "grand pageantry of Columbus" reception at Barcelona. A triumphal march by chorus, band, and orchestra forms an accompaniment to a procession and the final reception."
STRANGE AND COLOSSAL MAN.
From an introduction to "The Story of Columbus," in the New York _Herald_, 1892.
What manner of man was this Columbus, this admiral of the seas and lord of the Indies, who gave to Castille and Leon a new world?
Was he the ill-tempered and crack-brained adventurer of the skeptic biographer, who weighed all men by the sum of ages and not by the age in which they lived, or the religious hero who carried a flaming cross into the darkness of the unknown West, as his reverential historians have painted him?
There have been over six hundred biographers of this strange and colossal man, advancing all degrees of criticism, from filial affection to religious and fanatical hate, yet those who dwell in the lands he discovered know him only by his achievements, caring nothing about the trivial weaknesses of his private life.
One of his fairest critics has said he was the conspicuous developer of a great world movement, the embodiment of the ripened aspirations of his time.
His life is enveloped in an almost impenetrable veil of obscurity; in fact, the date and the place of his birth are in dispute. There are no authentic portraits of him, though hundreds have been printed.
There are in existence many doc.u.ments written by Columbus about his discoveries. When he set sail on his first voyage he endeavored to keep a log similar to the commentaries of Caesar. It is from this log that much of our present knowledge has been obtained, but it is a lamentable fact that, while Columbus was an extraordinary executive officer, his administrative ability was particularly poor, and in all matters of detail he was so careless as to be untrustworthy. Therefore, there are many statements in the log open to violent controversy.
TALES OF THE EAST.
It is probable that the letters of Toscanelli made a greater impression on the mind of Columbus than any other information he possessed. The aged Florentine entertained the brightest vision of the marvelous worth of the Asiatic region. He spoke of two hundred towns whose bridges spanned a single river, and whose commerce would excite the cupidity of the world.
These were tales to stir circles of listeners wherever wandering mongers of caravels came and went. All sorts of visionary discoveries were made in those days. Islands were placed in the Atlantic that never existed, and wonderful tales were told of the great Island of Antilla, or the Seven Cities.
The sphericity of the earth was becoming a favorite belief, though it must be borne in mind that education in those days was confined to the cloister, and any departure from old founded tenets was regarded as heresy. It was this peculiar doctrine that caused Columbus much embarra.s.sment in subsequent years. His greatest enemies were the narrow minds that regarded religion as the _Ultima Thule_ of intellectual endeavor. In spite of these facts, however, it was becoming more and more the popular belief that the world was not flat. One of the arguments used against Columbus was, that if the earth was not flat, and was round, he might sail down to the Indies, but he could certainly not sail up. Thus it was that fallacy after fallacy was thrown in argumentative form in his way, and the character of the man grows more wonderful as we see the obstacles over which he fought.
From utter obscurity, from poverty, derision, and treachery, this unflinching spirit fought his way to a most courageous end, and in all the vicissitudes of his wonderful life he never compromised one iota of that dignity which he regarded as consonant with his lofty aspirations.--_Ibid._
A PROTEST AGAINST IGNORANCE.
New York _Tribune_, 1892.
The voyage of Columbus was a protest against the ignorance of the mediaeval age. The discovery of the New World was the first sign of the real renaissance of the Old World. It created new heavens and a new earth, broadened immeasurably the horizon of men and nations, and transformed the whole order of European thought. Columbus was the greatest educator who ever lived, for he emanc.i.p.ated mankind from the narrowness of its own ignorance, and taught the great lesson that human destiny, like divine mercy, arches over the whole world. If a perspective of four centuries of progress could have floated like a mirage before the eyes of the great discoverer as he was sighting San Salvador, the American school-house would have loomed up as the greatest inst.i.tution of the New World"s future. Behind him he had left mediaeval ignorance, enc.u.mbered with superst.i.tion, and paralyzed by an ecclesiastical pedantry which pa.s.sed for learning. Before him lay a new world with the promise of the potency of civil and religious liberty, free education, and popular enlightenment. Because the school-house, like his own voyage, has been a protest against popular ignorance, and has done more than anything else to make our free America what it is, it would have towered above everything else in the mirage-like vision of the world"s progress.
THE EARTH"S ROTUNDITY.
The Rev. Father NUGENT of Iowa. From an address printed in the Denver _Republican_, 1892.
The theory of the rotundity of the earth was not born with Columbus. It had been announced centuries before Christ, but the law of gravitation had not been discovered and the world found it impossible to think of another hemisphere in which trees would grow downward into the air and men walk with their heads suspended from their feet. The theologians and scholars who scoffed at Columbus" theory had better grounds for opposing him, according to the received knowledge of the time, than he for upholding his ideal. They were scientifically wrong and he was unscientifically correct.
HANDS ACROSS THE SEA.
The President responds to a message from the Alcalde of Palos.
The following cable messages were exchanged this day:
LA RaBIDA, August 3d. The President: To-day, 400 years ago, Columbus sailed from Palos, discovering America. The United States flag is being hoisted this moment in front of the Convent La Rabida, along with banners of all the American States. Batteries and ships saluting, accompanied by enthusiastic acclamations of the people, army, and navy.
G.o.d bless America.
PRIETO, _Alcalde of Palos_.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D. C., August 3, 1892. Senor Prieto, Alcalde de Palos, La Rabida, Spain: The President of the United States directs me to cordially acknowledge your message of greeting. On this memorable day, thus fittingly celebrated, the people of the new western world, in grateful reverence to the name and fame of Columbus, join hands with the sons of the brave sailors of Palos and Huelva who manned the discoverer"s caravels.
FOSTER, _Secretary of State_.
THE PAN-AMERICAN TRIBUTE.
The nations of North, South, and Central America in conference a.s.sembled, at Washington, D. C., from October 2, 1889, to April 19, 1890.
_Resolved_, That in homage to the memory of the immortal discoverer of America, and in grat.i.tude for the unparalleled service rendered by him to civilization and humanity, the International Conference hereby offers its hearty co-operation in the manifestations to be made in his honor on the occasion of the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of America.[50]
THE GIFT OF SPAIN.
THEODORE PARKER, a distinguished American clergyman and scholar.
Born at Lexington, Ma.s.s., August 24, 1810; died in Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. From "New a.s.sault upon Freedom in America."
To Columbus, adventurous Italy"s most venturous son, Spain gave, grudgingly, three miserable ships, wherewith that daring genius sailed through the cla.s.sic and mediaeval darkness which covered the great Atlantic deep, opening to mankind a new world, and new destination therein. No queen ever wore a diadem so precious as those pearls which Isabella dropped into the western sea, a bridal gift, whereby the Old World, well endowed with art and science, and the h.o.a.rded wealth of experience, wed America, rich only in her gifts from Nature and her hopes in time. The most valuable contribution Spain has made to mankind is three scant ships furnished to the Genoese navigator, whom the world"s instinct pushed westward in quest of continents.
COLUMBUS THE BOLDEST NAVIGATOR.
Capt. WILLIAM H. PARKER, an American naval officer of the nineteenth century. From "Familiar Talks on Astronomy."[51]
Let us turn our attention to Christopher Columbus, the boldest navigator of his day; indeed, according to my view, the boldest man of whom we have any account in history. While all the other seamen of the known world were creeping along the sh.o.r.e, he heroically sailed forth on the broad ocean.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE MAP OF COLUMBUS" PILOT, JUAN DE LA COSA.
From the original in the Marine Museum, Madrid. (See page 228)]
When I look back upon my own voyages and recall the many anxious moments I have pa.s.sed when looking for a port at night, and when I compare my own situation, supplied with accurate charts, perfect instruments, good sailing directions, everything, in short, that science can supply, and then think of Columbus in his little bark, his only instruments an imperfect compa.s.s and a rude astrolabe, _sailing forth upon an unknown sea_, I must award to him the credit of being the boldest seaman that ever "sailed the salt ocean."