Should stand before thee with a tyrant"s rod, O"er creatures like himself, with souls from thee, Yet dare to boast of perfect liberty!"--Thomas Moore.
EDUCATED in a free state, and marrying a wife who had been a victim to the inst.i.tution of slavery, Henry Morton became strongly opposed to the system. His two daughters, at the age of twelve years, were sent to the North to finish their education, and to receive that refinement that young ladies cannot obtain in the Slave States. Although he did not publicly advocate the abolition of slavery, he often made himself obnoxious to private circles, owing to the denunciatory manner in which he condemned the "peculiar inst.i.tution." Being one evening at a party, and hearing one of the company talking loudly of the glory and freedom of American inst.i.tutions, he gave it as his opinion that, unless slavery was speedily abolished, it would be the ruin of the Union. "It is not our boast of freedom," said he, "that will cause us to be respected abroad. It is not our loud talk in favour of liberty that will cause us to be regarded as friends of human freedom; but our acts will be scrutinised by the people of other countries. We say much against European despotism; let us look to ourselves. That government is despotic where the rulers govern subjects by their own mere will--by decrees and laws emanating from their uncontrolled will, in the enactment and execution of which the ruled have no voice, and under which they have no right except at the will of the rulers. Despotism does not depend upon the number of the rulers, or the number of the subjects. It may have one ruler or many. Rome was a despotism under Nero; so she was under the triumvirate. Athens was a despotism under Thirty Tyrants; under her Four Hundred Tyrants; under her Three Thousand Tyrants. It has been generally observed that despotism increases in severity with the number of despots; the responsibility is more divided, and the claims more numerous.
The triumvirs each demanded his victims. The smaller the number of subjects in proportion to the tyrants, the more cruel the oppression, because the less danger from rebellion. In this government, the free white citizens are the rulers--the sovereigns, as we delight to be called. All others are subjects.
There are, perhaps, some sixteen or seventeen millions of sovereigns, and four millions of subjects.
"The rulers and the ruled are of all colours, from the clear white of the Caucasian tribes to the swarthy Ethiopian. The former, by courtesy, are all called white, the latter black. In this government the subject has no rights, social, political, or personal. He has no voice in the laws which govern him. He can hold no property. His very wife and children are not his. His labour is another"s. He, and all that appertain to him, are the absolute property of his rulers. He is governed, bought, sold, punished, executed, by laws to which he never gave his a.s.sent, and by rulers whom he never chose. He is not a serf merely, with half the rights of men like the subjects of despotic Russia; but a native slave, stripped of every right which G.o.d and nature gave him, and which the high spirit of our revolution declared inalienable which he himself could not surrender, and which man could not take from him. Is he not then the subject of despotic sway?
"The slaves of Athens and Rome were free in comparison. They had some rights--could acquire some property; could choose their own masters, and purchase their own freedom; and, when free, could rise in social and political life. The slaves of America, then, lie under the most absolute and grinding despotism that the world ever saw. But who are the despots? The rulers of the country--the sovereign people! Not merely the slaveholder who cracks the lash.
He is but the instrument in the hands of despotism. That despotism is the government of the Slave States, and the United States, consisting of all its rulers all the free citizens. Do not look upon this as a paradox, because you and I and the sixteen millions of rulers are free. The rulers of every despotism are free. Nicholas of Russia is free. The grand Sultan of Turkey is free. The butcher of Austria is free. Augustus, Anthony, and Lepidus were free, while they drenched Rome in blood. The Thirty Tyrants--the Four Hundred--the Three Thousand, were free while they bound their countrymen in chains. You, and I, and the sixteen millions are free, while we fasten iron chains, and rivet manacles on four millions of our fellowmen--take their wives and children from them--separate them--sell them, and doom them to perpetual, eternal bondage. Are we not then despots--despots such as history will brand and G.o.d abhor?
"We, as individuals, are fast losing our reputation for honest dealing. Our nation is losing its character. The loss of a firm national character, or the degradation of a nation"s honour, is the inevitable prelude to her destruction. Behold the once proud fabric of a Roman empire--an empire carrying its arts and arms into every part of the Eastern continent; the monarchs of mighty kingdoms dragged at the wheels of her triumphal chariots; her eagle waving over the ruins of desolated countries; where is her splendour, her wealth, her power, her glory? Extinguished for ever. Her mouldering temples, the mournful vestiges of her former grandeur, afford a shelter to her muttering monks. Where are her statesmen, her sages, her philosophers, her orators, generals?
Go to their solitary tombs and inquire. She lost her national character, and her destruction followed. The ramparts of her national pride were broken down, and Vandalism desolated her cla.s.sic fields. Then let the people of our country take warning ere it is too late. But most of us say to ourselves,
""Who questions the right of mankind to be free?
Yet, what are the rights of the Negro to me?
I"m well fed and clothed, I have plenty of pelf-- I"ll care for the blacks when I turn black myself."
"New Orleans is doubtless the most immoral place in the United States. The theatres are open on the Sabbath. Bull-fights, horse-racing, and other cruel amus.e.m.e.nts are carried on in this city to an extent unknown in any other part of the Union. The most stringent laws have been pa.s.sed in that city against Negroes, yet a few years since the State Legislature pa.s.sed a special act to enable a white man to marry a coloured woman, on account of her being possessed of a large fortune. And, very recently, the following paragraph appeared in the city papers:--
""There has been quite a stir recently in this city, in consequence of a marriage of a white man, named Buddington, a teller in the Ca.n.a.l Bank, to the Negro daughter of one of the wealthiest merchants. Buddington, before he could be married was obliged to swear that he had Negro blood in his veins, and to do this he made an incision in his arm, and put some of her blood in the cut. The ceremony was performed by a Catholic clergyman, and the bridegroom has received with his wife a fortune of fifty or sixty thousand dollars."
"It seems that the fifty or sixty thousand dollars entirely covered the Negro woman"s black skin, and the law prohibiting marriage between blacks and whites was laid aside for the occasion."
Althesa felt proud, as well she might, at her husband"s taking such high ground in a slaveholding city like New Orleans.
CHAPTER XXI
THE CHRISTIAN"S DEATH
"O weep, ye friends of freedom weep!
Your harps to mournful measures sweep."
ON the last day of November, 1620, on the confines of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland, lo! we behold one little solitary tempest-tost and weather-beaten ship; it is all that can be seen on the length and breadth of the vast intervening solitudes, from the melancholy wilds of Labrador and New England"s ironbound sh.o.r.es, to the western coasts of Ireland and the rock defended Hebrides, but one lonely ship greets the eye of angels or of men, on this great throughfare of nations in our age. Next in moral grandeur, was this ship, to the great discoverer"s: Columbus found a continent; the May-flower brought the seedwheat of states and empire. That is the May-flower, with its servants of the living G.o.d, their wives and little ones, hastening to lay the foundations of nations in the accidental lands of the setting-sun. Hear the voice of prayer to G.o.d for his protection, and the glorious music of praise, as it breaks into the wild tempest of the mighty deep, upon the ear of G.o.d. Here in this ship are great and good men. Justice, mercy, humanity, respect for the rights of all; each man honoured, as he was useful to himself and others; labour respected, law-abiding men, const.i.tution-making and respecting men; men, whom no tyrant could conquer, or hardship overcome, with the high commission sealed by a Spirit divine, to establish religious and political liberty for all. This ship had the embryo elements of all that is useful, great, and grand in Northern inst.i.tutions; it was the great type of goodness and wisdom, ill.u.s.trated in two and a quarter centuries gone by; it was the good genius of America.
But look far in the South-east, and you behold on the same day, in 1620, a low rakish ship hastening from the tropics, solitary and alone, to the New World. What is she? She is freighted with the elements of unmixed evil. Hark! hear those rattling chains, hear that cry of despair and wail of anguish, as they die away in the unpitying distance. Listen to those shocking oaths, the crack of that flesh-cutting whip. Ah! it is the first cargo of slaves on their way to Jamestown, Virginia. Behold the May-flower anch.o.r.ed at Plymouth Rock, the slave-ship in James River. Each a parent, one of the prosperous, labour-honouring, law-sustaining inst.i.tutions of the North; the other the mother of slavery, idleness, lynch-law, ignorance, unpaid labour, poverty, and duelling, despotism, the ceaseless swing of the whip, and the peculiar inst.i.tutions of the South. These ships are the representation of good and evil in the New World, even to our day.
When shall one of those parallel lines come to an end?
The origin of American slavery is not lost in the obscurity of by-gone ages. It is a plain historical fact, that it owes its birth to the African slave trade, now p.r.o.nounced by every civilised community the greatest crime ever perpetrated against humanity. Of all causes intended to benefit mankind, the abolition of chattel slavery must necessarily be placed amongst the first, and the Negro hails with joy every new advocate that appears in his cause. Commiseration for human suffering and human sacrifices awakened the capacious mind, and brought into action the enlarged benevolence, of Georgiana Carlton. With respect to her philosophy--it was of a n.o.ble cast. It was, that all men are by nature equal; that they are wisely and justly endowed by the Creator with certain rights, which are irrefragable; and that, however human pride and human avarice may depress and debase, still G.o.d is the author of good to man--and of evil, man is the artificer to himself and to his species. Unlike Plato and Socrates, her mind was free from the gloom that surrounded theirs; her philosophy was founded in the school of Christianity; though a devoted member of her father"s church, she was not a sectarian.
We learn from Scripture, and it is a little remarkable that it is the only exact definition of religion found in the sacred volume, that "pure religion and undefiled before G.o.d, even the Father, is this, to visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unspotted from the world." "Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the things of others."
"Remember them that are in bonds as bound with them." "Whatsoever ye would that others should do to you, do ye even so to them."
This was her view of Christianity, and to this end she laboured with all her energies to convince her slaveholding neighbours that the Negro could not only take care of himself, but that he also appreciated liberty, and was willing to work and redeem himself. Her most sanguine wishes were being realized when she suddenly fell into a decline. Her mother had died of consumption, and her physician p.r.o.nounced this to be her disease. She was prepared for this sad intelligence, and received it with the utmost composure. Although she had confidence in her husband that he would carry out her wishes in freeing the Negroes after her death, Mrs. Carlton resolved upon their immediate liberation.
Consequently the slaves were all summoned before the n.o.ble woman, and informed that they were no longer bondsmen. "From this hour," said she, "you are free, and all eyes will be fixed upon you. I dare not predict how far your example may affect the welfare of your brethren yet in bondage. If you are temperate, industrious, peaceable, and pious, you will show to the world that slaves can be emanc.i.p.ated without danger. Remember what a singular relation you sustain to society. The necessities of the case require not only that you should behave as well as the whites, but better than the whites; and for this reason: if you behave no better than they, your example will lose a great portion of its influence. Make the Lord Jesus Christ your refuge and exemplar. His is the only standard around which you can successfully rally. If ever there was a people who needed the consolations of religion to sustain them in their grievous afflictions, you are that people. You had better trust in the Lord than to put confidence in man. Happy is that people whose G.o.d is the Lord. Get as much education as possible for yourselves and your children. An ignorant people can never occupy any other than a degraded station in society; they can never be truly free until they are intelligent. In a few days you will start for the state of Ohio, where land will be purchased for some of you who have families, and where I hope you will all prosper. We have been urged to send you to Liberia, but we think it wrong to send you from your native land. We did not wish to encourage the Colonization Society, for it originated in hatred of the free coloured people. Its pretences are false, its doctrines odious, its means contemptible. Now, whatever may be your situation in life, "Remember those in bonds as bound with them." You must get ready as soon as you can for your journey to the North."
Seldom was there ever witnessed a more touching scene than this.
There sat the liberator, pale, feeble, emaciated, with death stamped upon her countenance, surrounded by the sons and daughters of Africa; some of whom had in former years been separated from all that they had held near and dear, and the most of whose backs had been torn and gashed by the Negro whip. Some were upon their knees at the feet of their benefactress; others were standing round her weeping. Many begged that they might be permitted to remain on the farm and work for wages, for some had wives and some husbands on other plantations in the neighbourhood, and would rather remain with them.
But the laws of the state forbade any emanc.i.p.ated Negroes remaining, under penalty of again being sold into slavery. Hence the necessity of sending them out of the state. Mrs. Carlton was urged by her friends to send the emanc.i.p.ated Negroes to Africa.
Extracts from the speeches of Henry Clay, and other distinguished Colonization Society men, were read to her to induce her to adopt this course. Some thought they should he sent away because the blacks are vicious; others because they would be missionaries to their brethren in Africa. "But," said she, "if we send away the Negroes because they are profligate and vicious, what sort of missionaries will they make? Why not send away the vicious among the whites for the same reason, and the same purpose?"
Death is a leveller, and neither age, s.e.x, wealth, nor usefulness can avert when he is permitted to strike. The most beautiful flowers soon fade, and droop, and die; this is also the case with man; his days are uncertain as the pa.s.sing breeze. This hour he glows in the blush of health and vigour, but the next he may be counted with the number no more known on earth.
Although in a low state of health, Mrs. Carlton had the pleasure of seeing all her slaves, except Sam and three others, start for a land of freedom. The morning they were to go on board the steamer, bound for Louisville, they all a.s.sembled on the large gra.s.s plot, in front of the drawing-room window, and wept while they bid their mistress farewell. When they were on the boat, about leaving the wharf, they were heard giving the charge to those on sh.o.r.e--"Sam, take care of Misus, take care of Ma.r.s.er, as you love us, and hope to meet us in de Hio (Ohio), and in heben; be sure and take good care of Misus and Ma.r.s.er."
In less than a week after her emanc.i.p.ated people had started for Ohio, Mrs. Carlton was cold in death. Mr. Carlton felt deeply, as all husbands must who love their wives, the loss of her who had been a lamp to his feet, and a light to his path. She had converted him from infidelity to Christianity; from the mere theory of liberty to practical freedom. He had looked upon the Negro as an ill-treated distant link of the human family; he now regarded them as a part of G.o.d"s children. Oh, what a silence pervaded the house when the Christian had been removed. His indeed was a lonesome position.
""Twas midnight, and he sat alone The husband of the dead, That day the dark dust had been thrown Upon the buried head."
In the midst of the buoyancy of youth, this cherished one had drooped and died. Deep were the sounds of grief and mourning heard in that stately dwelling, when the stricken friends, whose office it had been to nurse and soothe the weary sufferer, beheld her pale and motionless in the sleep of death.
Oh what a chill creeps through the breaking heart when we look upon the insensible form, and feel that it no longer contains the spirit we so dearly loved! How difficult to realise that the eye which always glowed with affection and intelligence; that the ear which had so often listened to the sounds of sorrow and gladness; that the voice whose accents had been to us like sweet music, and the heart, the habitation of benevolence and truth, are now powerless and insensate as the bier upon which the form rests.
Though faith be strong enough to penetrate the cloud of gloom which hovers near, and to behold the freed spirit safe, for ever, safe in its home in heaven, yet the thoughts will linger sadly and cheerlessly upon the grave.
Peace to her ashes! she fought the fight, obtained the Christian"s victory, and wears the crown. But if it were that departed spirits are permitted to note the occurrences of this world, with what a frown of disapprobation would hers view the effort being made in the United States to r.e.t.a.r.d the work of emanc.i.p.ation for which she laboured and so wished to see brought about.
In what light would she consider that hypocritical priesthood who gave their aid and sanction to the infamous "Fugitive Slave Law."
If true greatness consists in doing good to mankind, then was Georgiana Carlton an ornament to human nature. Who can think of the broken hearts made whole, of sad and dejected countenances now beaming with contentment and joy, of the mother offering her free-born babe to heaven, and of the father whose cup of joy seems overflowing in the presence of his family, where none can molest or make him afraid. Oh, that G.o.d may give more such persons to take the whip-scarred Negro by the hand, and raise him to a level with our common humanity! May the professed lovers of freedom in the new world see that true liberty is freedom for all! and may every American continually hear it sounding in his ear:--
"Shall every flap of England"s flag Proclaim that all around are free, From "farthest Ind" to each blue crag That beetles o"er the Western Sea?
And shall we scoff at Europe"s kings, When Freedom"s fire is dim with us, And round our country"s altar clings The d.a.m.ning shade of Slavery"s curse?"
CHAPTER XXII
A RIDE IN A STAGE-COACH
WE shall now return to Cincinnati, where we left Clotel preparing to go to Richmond in search of her daughter. Tired of the disguise in which she had escaped, she threw it off on her arrival at Cincinnati. But being a.s.sured that not a shadow of safety would attend her visit to a city in which she was well known, unless in some disguise, she again resumed men"s apparel on leaving Cincinnati. This time she had more the appearance of an Italian or Spanish gentleman. In addition to the fine suit of black cloth, a splendid pair of dark false whiskers covered the sides of her face, while the curling moustache found its place upon the upper lip. From practice she had become accustomed to high-heeled boots, and could walk without creating any suspicion as regarded her s.e.x. It was a cold evening that Clotel arrived at Wheeling, and took a seat in the coach going to Richmond. She was already in the state of Virginia, yet a long distance from the place of her destination.
A ride in a stage-coach, over an American road, is unpleasant under the most favourable circ.u.mstances. But now that it was winter, and the roads unusually bad, the journey was still more dreary. However, there were eight pa.s.sengers in the coach, and I need scarcely say that such a number of genuine Americans could not be together without whiling away the time somewhat pleasantly. Besides Clotel, there was an elderly gentleman with his two daughters--one apparently under twenty years, the other a shade above. The pale, spectacled face of another slim, tall man, with a white neckerchief, pointed him out as a minister. The rough featured, dark countenance of a stout looking man, with a white hat on one side of his head, told that he was from the sunny South. There was nothing remarkable about the other two, who might pa.s.s for ordinary American gentlemen. It was on the eve of a presidential election, when every man is thought to be a politician. Clay, Van Buren, and Harrison were the men who expected the indors.e.m.e.nt of the Baltimore Convention. "Who does this town go for?" asked the old gent with the ladies, as the coach drove up to an inn, where groups of persons were waiting for the latest papers. "We are divided," cried the rough voice of one of the outsiders. "Well, who do you think will get the majority here?" continued the old gent. "Can"t tell very well; I go for "Old Tip,"" was the answer from without. This brought up the subject fairly before the pa.s.sengers, and when the coach again started a general discussion commenced, in which all took a part except Clotel and the young ladies. Some were for Clay, some for Van Buren, and others for "Old Tip." The coach stopped to take in a real farmer-looking man, who no sooner entered than he was saluted with "Do you go for Clay?" "No," was the answer. "Do you go for Van Buren?" "No." "Well, then, of course you will go for Harrison." "No." "Why, don"t you mean to work for any of them at the election?" "No." "Well, who will you work for?" asked one of the company. "I work for Betsy and the children, and I have a hard job of it at that," replied the farmer, without a smile. This answer, as a matter of course, set the new corner down as one upon whom the rest of the pa.s.sengers could crack their jokes with the utmost impunity. "Are you an Odd Fellow?" asked one. "No, sir, I"ve been married more than a month." "I mean, do you belong to the order of Odd Fellows?"
"No, no; I belong to the order of married men." "Are you a mason?"
"No, I am a carpenter by trade." "Are you a Son of Temperance?"
"Bother you, no; I am a son of Mr. John Gosling." After a hearty laugh in which all joined, the subject of Temperance became the theme for discussion. In this the spectacled gent was at home.
He soon showed that he was a New Englander, and went the whole length of the "Maine Law." The minister was about having it all his own way, when the Southerner, in the white hat, took the opposite side of the question. "I don"t bet a red cent on these teetotlars," said he, and at the same time looking round to see if he had the approbation of the rest of the company. "Why?"
asked the minister. "Because they are a set who are afraid to spend a cent. They are a bad lot, the whole on "em." It was evident that the white hat gent was an uneducated man. The minister commenced in full earnest, and gave an interesting account of the progress of temperance in Connecticut, the state from which he came, proving, that a great portion of the prosperity of the state was attributable to the disuse of intoxicating drinks. Every one thought the white hat had got the worst of the argument, and that he was settled for the remainder of the night. But not he; he took fresh courage and began again.
"Now," said he, "I have just been on a visit to my uncle"s in Vermont, and I guess I knows a little about these here teetotlars. You see, I went up there to make a little stay of a fortnight. I got there at night, and they seemed glad to see me, but they didn"t give me a bit of anything to drink.
Well, thinks I to myself, the jig"s up: I sha"n"t get any more liquor till I get out of the state." We all sat up till twelve o"clock that night, and I heard nothing but talk about the "Juvinal Temperence Army," the "Band of Hope," the "Rising Generation," the "Female Dorcas Temperance Society," "The None Such," and I don"t know how many other names they didn"t have.
As I had taken several pretty large "c.o.c.k Tails" before I entered the state, I thought upon the whole that I would not spite for the want of liquor. The next morning, I commenced writing back to my friends, and telling them what"s what. Aunt Polly said, "Well, Johnny, I s"pose you are given "em a pretty account of us all here." "Yes," said I; I am tellin" "em if they want anything to drink when they come up here, they had better bring it with "em."
"Oh," said aunty, "they would search their boxes; can"t bring any spirits in the state." Well, as I was saying, jist as I got my letters finished, and was going to the post office (for uncle"s house was two miles from the town), aunty says, "Johnny, I s"pose you"ll try to get a little somethin" to drink in town won"t you?"
Says I, "I s"pose it"s no use. "No," said she, "you can"t; it ain"t to be had no how, for love nor money." So jist as I was puttin" on my hat, "Johnny," cries out aunty, "What," says I.
"Now I"ll tell you, I don"t want you to say nothin" about it, but I keeps a little rum to rub my head with, for I am troubled with the headache; now I don"t want you to mention it for the world, but I"ll give you a little taste, the old man is such a teetotaller, that I should never hear the last of it, and I would not like for the boys to know it, they are members of the "Cold Water Army.""
"Aunty now brought out a black bottle and gave me a cup, and told me to help myself, which I a.s.sure you I did. I now felt ready to face the cold. As I was pa.s.sing the barn I heard uncle thrashing oats, so I went to the door and spoke to him. "Come in, John,"
says he. "No," said I; "I am goin" to post some letters," for I was afraid that he would smell my breath if I went too near to him. "Yes, yes, come in." So I went in, and says he, "It"s now eleven o"clock; that"s about the time you take your grog, I s"pose, when you are at home." "Yes," said I. "I am sorry for you, my lad; you can"t get anything up here; you can"t even get it at the chemist"s, except as medicine, and then you must let them mix it and you take it in their presence." "This is indeed hard," replied I; "Well, it can"t be helped," continued he: "and it ought not to be if it could. It"s best for society; people"s better off without drink. I recollect when your father and I, thirty years ago, used to go out on a spree and spend more than half a dollar in a night. Then here"s the rising generation; there"s nothing like settin" a good example. Look how healthy your cousins are there"s Benjamin, he never tasted spirits in his life. Oh, John, I would you were a teetotaller." "I suppose,"