Capitalism and Socialism differ fundamentally in that the former always has sought and always will seek to exercise a permanent dictatorship, whereas that of the latter is to const.i.tute the temporary bridge over which the world is to pa.s.s from the economic system under which commodities are compet.i.tively made for the profit of the few, to the economic system under which they will be co-operatively made for the use of the many.
It is contended with much show of reason that the dictatorship of the proletariat will not lead to the goal, because human nature being what it is the slaves will automatically develop into another cla.s.s of masters.
But those who raise this contention proceed upon the a.s.sumption that human nature is a constant quant.i.ty so that it cannot be essentially changed and that it has made the economic systems, what they have been.
This is not the case. Human nature, like animal nature, is constantly changing and neither the one nor the other voluntarily changes itself, but both are forced to change by the development of new and external conditions and by the necessity of conformity to them.
Professor Joseph McCabe, not a socialist, observes that these developments and conformities were so many revolutions and that the man who says, the secret of progress is evolution, not revolution, may be talking very good social philosophy but he is not talking science, as he thinks. In every modern geological work you read of periodical revolutions in the story of the earth, and these are the great ages of progress--and, I ought to add, of colossal annihilation of the less fit.
Darwin discovered that animal nature changed (for example snake nature changed into bird nature) because of changed physical environments and the necessity of life to adaptation to them.
Marx discovered that human nature changed from what it was during the period of chatteldom to what it was during serfdom and from that to what it is under capitalism by reason of the difference in the economic systems of these periods by which the world fed, clothed and housed itself and that these differences are in turn accounted for by the differences in the machines by which the necessities of life are produced.
Thus Darwin explained the history of animal life without the hypothesis of a divine creator, and Marx explained the history of mankind without the hypothesis either of a divine ruler or human leaders. These Darwinian and Marxian explanations const.i.tute what is known as the materialistic explanation of history.
Marx represented that capitalism would end the cla.s.s struggle and issue in a cla.s.sless world because its profiteering system of production and distribution could not be succeeded by another, since it divides mankind into masters who are ever growing less numerous and slaves who are ever growing more numerous, without the possibility of those who are half capitalists and half workers rising out of their nondescript condition into a new master cla.s.s, as did the bourgeoisie under feudalism. For these reasons he contended the proletarian slaves would become the grave diggers for the bourgeois masters and so end capitalism with the burial of its representatives.
But with the complete and sustained triumph of the proletarian cla.s.s the bourgeois cla.s.s will rapidly pa.s.s away, as is now the case with it in Russia, and a cla.s.sless world will be born to live on a co-operative instead of a compet.i.tive basis, in a heaven instead of a h.e.l.l.
V. WHAT WILL BE THE FORM OF THE WORKERS" STATE.
Hail Soviet Russia, the first Communist Republic, the land of, by and for the common people. We greet you, workers and peasants of Russia, who by your untold sacrifices, by your determination and devotion, are transforming the Russia of black reaction, of the domination of a few, into a land of glorious promise for all.
Comrades in America, watch the bright dawn in the East; you have but your chains to lose, and a world to gain!--The Workers"
Council.
In general outline the form of the workers" state will be that of the Russian Soviet Republic, and what it is will appear from the following semi-official description, the briefest and clearest of any which I have seen. Its authorship is unknown to me but I know it to be the work of a committee of which Zinoviev, one of the directing and inspiring minds of the proletarian movement in Russia, was a member, and it may be that he is the author. Anyhow it is a recently published, authoritative cla.s.sic containing the information for which a large part of the world has been waiting:
We have before us the example of the Russian Soviet Republic, whose structure, in view of the conflicting reports printed in other countries, it may be useful to describe briefly here.
The unit of government is the local Soviet, or Council, of Workers", Red Army, and Peasants" Deputies.
The city Workers" Soviet is made up as follows: Each factory elects one delegate for a certain number of workers, and each local union also elects delegates. These delegates are elected according to political parties--or, if the workers wish it, as individual candidates.
The Red Army delegates are chosen by military units.
For the peasants, each village has its local Soviet, which sends delegates to the Township Soviet, which in turn elects to the County Soviet, and this to the Provincial Soviet.
n.o.body who employs labor for profit can vote.
Every six months the City and Provincial Soviets elect delegates to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which is the supreme governing body of the country. This Congress decides upon the policies which are to govern the country for six months, and then elects a Central Executive Committee of two hundred, which is to carry out these policies. The Congress also elects the Cabinet--The Council of People"s Commissars, who are heads of Government Departments--or People"s Commissariats.
The People"s Commissars can be recalled at any time by the Central Executive Committee. The members of all Soviets can be recalled very easily, and at any time, by their const.i.tuents.
These Soviets are not only Legislative bodies, but also Executive organs. Unlike your Congress, they do not make the laws and leave them to the President to carry out, but the members carry out the laws themselves; and there is no Supreme Court to say whether or not these laws are "const.i.tutional."
Between the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets the Central Executive Committee is the supreme power in Russia. It meets at least every two months, and in the meanwhile, the Council of People"s Commissars directs the country, while the members of the Central Executive Committee go to work in the various government departments.
In Russia the workers are organized in Industrial Unions all the workers in each industry belonging to one Union. For example, in a factory making metal products, even the carpenters and painters are members of the Metal Workers" Union. Each factory is a local Union, and the Shop Committee elected by the workers is its Executive Committee.
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the federated Unions is elected by the annual Trade Union Convention. A Scale Committee elected by the Convention fixes the wages of all categories of workers.
With very few exceptions, all important factories in Russia have been nationalized, and are now the property of all the workers in common. The business of the Unions is therefore no longer to fight the capitalists, but to run industry.
Hand in hand with the Unions works the Department of Labor of the Soviet Government, whose chief is the People"s Commissar of Labor, elected by the Soviet Congress with the approval of the Unions.
In charge of the economic life of the country is the elected Supreme Council of People"s Economy, divided into departments, such as, Metal Department, Chemical Department, etc., each one headed by experts and workers, appointed, with the approval of the Union by the Supreme Council of People"s Economy.
In each factory production is carried on by a committee consisting of three members: a representative of the Shop Committee of the Unions, a representative of the Central Executive of the Unions, and a representative of the Supreme Council of People"s Economy.
The Unions are thus a branch of the government--and this government is the most highly centralized government that exists.
It is also the most democratic government in history. For all the organs of government are in constant touch with the working ma.s.ses, and constantly sensitive to their will. Moreover, the local Soviets all over Russia have complete autonomy to manage their own local affairs, provided they carry out the national policies laid down by the Soviet Congress. Also, the Soviet Government represents only the workers, and cannot help but act in the workers" interests.
The motto of this section is the conclusion of a good article in the first number of one among the best of the periodicals devoted to the promotion of Marxism, The Workers" Council, published by the International Educational Company, New York City. This article is so short and lends itself so naturally as a supplement to the foregoing explanation of the new economic system which has been established and is being developed in Russia that I quote the rest as the conclusion of this section about Sovietism.
Communist Russia, the Russia of the common people, marks a new epoch in the world"s history. It marks a basic change in the structure of human society. Up to this time society lived under the rule of the few, under the rule of the cla.s.s which possessed the wealth of the country. The methods were different at different periods in the world"s history, but the results were the same: riches and power for the few, a bare existence and endless toil for the many. The slaves, the serfs, or the wage workers of today, who compose the ma.s.ses of the people, have ever been the hewers of wood and the carriers of water, the beasts of burden on whose backs sported and fattened kings and n.o.bles, landlords and capitalists.
They who possessed wealth had the power. And they pa.s.sed laws to protect that power, to make the possession of wealth a social inst.i.tution. Private property was enthroned and every striving of mankind was subjected to the rule of property. Thence grew the exploitation of man by man for private profit, and all abuses resulting therefrom; fear of loss of property, care of possession, dread of the future, fear of loss of employment, envy and greed.
Human society was ruled by property grabbers; masters, kings, capitalists, providing toil, disease, war for the ma.s.ses of mankind. That is the rule of capitalism, and cannot be otherwise.
But under communism, profit is abolished, and with it the exploitation of man by man; private property is no longer a factor in the life of man; property becomes universal, all natural and created wealth belong to society, to every member of the community, as secure a birth right as air and sunlight. Everybody"s measured work provides a common fund of things to satisfy material needs, today, tomorrow and in years to come.
There can be no fear of losing one"s job, of seeing one"s children starve, of the poor-house in old age. As sure as the sun will rise on the morrow, man is secure of his bread, his shelter and clothing. Man is freed from animal cares, free to develop his human qualities, his intelligence, his brain and heart.
Russia points the way. Russia is now one huge corporation, every man, woman and child an equal shareholder. The state is administered as a business; the benefit of the stockholders being the object of the corporation. The individual contributes his labor, whatever it may be: manual, mental, artistic. This labor is applied to available materials: the soil of the farm, the natural resources, the mines, and mills and factories. The finished product is distributed through the agencies of the corporation, in the shape of food and clothes and shelter, of education and amus.e.m.e.nt, of protection to life and limb, of literature and art, of inventions and improvements: to every man, woman and child of the nation.
To be sure this ideal of a human brotherhood is not yet realized in Russia. No sane person would expect so tremendous a change to be consummated in three years, in the face of universal aggression, intrigues and blockades. It may take ten years, perhaps a generation.
What of it! Russia is past the most difficult period of transition from the capitalist state to a communist state, while other capitalist countries must still face the period of revolution. Therefore let Russia lead the way. Let the American workers realize that Russia"s fight is their fight, that Soviet Russia"s success is the success of the laboring people the world over!
Have you ever been to Crazy Land,[N]
Down on the Looney Pike?
There are the queerest people there-- You never saw the like!
The ones that do the useful work Are poor as poor can be, And those who do no useful work All live in luxury.
They raise so much in Crazy Land Of food and clothes and such, That those who work don"t have enough Because they raise too much.
They"re wrong side to in Crazy Land, They"re upside down with care-- They walk around upon their heads, With feet up in the air.
--T.
VI. WITHDRAWAL OF PRIZE OFFER.
Never have anything to do with those who pretend to have dealings with the supernatural. If you allow supernaturalism to get a foothold in your country the result will be a dreadful calamity.--Confucius.
Mrs. Brown and I hereby withdraw, for the present at least, our prize offer, and for two reasons: