RESPONSIBILITY FOR LAND FRAUDS
The responsibility for the defects in our methods of administering the public lands rests in part upon our governmental representatives, who have not always dealt wisely with the extremely difficult problem. But it rests also upon each individual citizen. There are those, be it said to our shame, who deliberately seek to defeat the purpose of the laws and to appropriate to their own selfish uses the lands which belong to the nation as a whole. There is one division of the General Land Office in Washington known as the Contest Division. Before it come, not only the ordinary disputes that are likely to arise between rival claimants, but also cases of alleged fraud and violation of the land laws. In the year 1916 MORE THAN 12,000 CASES OF ALLEGED FRAUD WERE ACTED UPON, AND NEARLY 12,000 OTHER CASES AWAITED ACTION AT THE END OF THE YEAR! But the responsibility comes much closer home than this. Many of us who would not think of violating the law have failed to appreciate the value of the gifts that nature has given us, and have apparently been "too busy" to inform ourselves as to whether or not our public lands have been administered solely for the purpose to which Congress devoted them just after the Revolution. This, like every other matter of community interest, requires team work.
The community has certain rights to a citizen"s land that are clearly recognized as superior to the citizen"s rights. Acting through its government, it may take a part of a citizen"s property by taxation (see Chapter XXIII). Taxes are paid in money; but if a citizen does not pay the tax upon his land, the government may sell the land for enough to cover the obligation.
THE RIGHT OF EMINENT DOMAIN
Again, the government may take a citizen"s land for public uses, if the interests of the community demand it, by what is called the RIGHT OF EMINENT DOMAIN. For example, if the interests of the community demand that a new road be built, the government will seek to buy the necessary land from the farmers along the line of the proposed highway. Some farmer may say that he does not want the road to run through his farm, or he may try to get a price beyond what his land is worth. The government may then CONDEMN the required land and fix a price despite the farmer"s objections. The citizen whose land is taken must, however, be paid for it; the Const.i.tution of the United States protects him by the provision, "nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation" (Amendment V, last clause).
The right of eminent domain may be exercised to secure a site for a schoolhouse, a post-office, an army post, or courthouse, or for any other public purpose. The government also authorizes corporations that perform a public service to exercise the right, as in the case of railroads which must obtain a right of way for their tracks, and sites for their yards and stations.
THE POLICE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT
Finally, by the exercise of what is known as the POLICE POWER, the government may control the use to which a citizen may put his land. Occasion for the exercise of the police power arises most frequently in cities, where it is necessary to control the construction of buildings for fire protection, and to regulate the kinds of business that may be conducted. In country districts it does not usually make so much difference what a man does on his own land; but even there the police power may be exercised, as when the state of Idaho pa.s.sed a law forbidding the herding of sheep within a certain distance of towns.
POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH THE LAND
There is another way in which government establishes relations between the people and the land. Citizens of the United States have certain political rights and duties, such as voting, holding office, and paying taxes. These rights may be enjoyed and the duties performed only within certain districts which the government creates for this purpose. Thus, a citizen has a right to vote within the state where he lives, but not in any other state. He must cast his vote within his own county, township, and precinct. The boundaries of the states are established by the national government (except the original thirteen states of the Union, whose boundaries were fixed before the national government was organized); but they may not be changed afterward without the consent of the states affected. The states organize their own counties and townships [Footnote: In the public land states the political township usually, but not always, corresponds with the township surveyed by the national government. See pp. 194-196.]
and other districts. Villages and cities are granted definite boundaries by the state, and organize themselves into wards and precincts. There are legislative, congressional, judicial, and revenue districts, the boundaries of which are fixed by state and national governments. Locally, there are school districts. The boundaries which separate one nation from another are determined by agreement, or treaty, between the nations concerned.
Uncertainty or indefiniteness in regard to national boundary lines has been the cause of much international strife, and was an important factor in the European war begun by Germany in 1914.
If you live in a "public land" state, for what uses have public lands been given to the state? Have the school lands in your state been wisely used?
Is it easy for a young man to acquire a farm in your locality? to keep up improvements on a farm that he owns? Has it been easy for a farmer in your locality to borrow money? (Consult parents and friends.)
Have the farmers of your locality made much use of the Federal Farm Loan Act? Do they think it is a good law?
Have you heard of forced sales of land in your community to pay taxes?
Do you know of cases of the exercise of the right of eminent domain in your community? For what purposes? Was it exercised by local, state, or national government?
In what ways does government control the use to which you may put the land on which you live?
In what township do you live? school district? congressional district? state legislative district? revenue district?
READINGS
Annual reports of the Secretary of the Interior.
Annual reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, Department of the Interior, Washington.
The General Land Office has published a large wall map showing the land surveys, the national forests, and many other important items. It may be secured from the Superintendent of Doc.u.ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, for $1.
See the New International Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia Americana on public lands, national forests, and other topics referred to in this chapter.
In LESSONS IN COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL LIFE:
Series A: Lesson 4, What nature has done for a typical city.
CHAPTER XV
CONSERVING OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
RESOURCES OF THE SOIL
In the preceding chapter we learned that as a nation we have not been altogether thrifty in the disposal and use of our public lands. The same thing will have to be said regarding the use of the resources of the land, of which the soil is by far the most valuable.
It is said that 1200 boys in Ohio, organized in clubs, increased the average yield of corn from 35 bushels to 81 bushels per acre.
The average returns per acre from the soil of the United States were lower before the war than in any European country, except Russia. The following table gives the production per acre of four cereals in the United States and five European countries in 1913.
The same relative position of the United States would be shown if we took the average production of these countries for a series of years.
PRODUCTION IN BUSHELS PER ACRE UNDER CULTIVATION IN 1913
ABILITY OF THE AMERICAN FARMER
The low position of the United States in agriculture is by no means due to inferior ability on the part of the American farmer.
The Secretary of Agriculture says that
Even now no farmer in the world can compare with the American farmer in agricultural efficiency. His adaptability to new and changing conditions, to the use of improved machinery and processes, coupled with the great natural resources with which the nation is endowed, make him far superior to any of his compet.i.tors. It is true that he does not produce more per acre than the farmers of some other nations. Production per acre, however, is not the American standard. The standard is the amount of production for each person engaged in agriculture, and by this test the American farmer appears to be from two to six times as efficient as most of his compet.i.tors.
WASTEFULNESS OF EARLY FARMING
As long as we had a great abundance of unoccupied land it would perhaps have been uneconomic to increase the production of that which was occupied by the costly methods of agriculture used in Belgium, Germany, and other thickly settled countries. But the old methods of farming not only failed to get from the soil all that it was then capable of producing, they also robbed it of fertility without restoring to it what was taken from it. Thus the loss caused by wasteful methods was pa.s.sed on to future generations. To continue such methods in the light of our present knowledge and with our growing population is thriftless in the extreme. Methods of preserving and restoring the fertility of the soil and of obtaining the largest returns from it are now receiving the most careful attention from both state and national governments.
IDLE LANDS
A great deal of land lies idle that might be productive of food-- not only arid, swamp, and cut-over lands, mentioned in later paragraphs, and land held for speculation, but also vacant lots and unused back yards in cities and villages, and waste or unused portions of cultivated farms. It is largely from city and village lots that the School Garden Army obtained its remarkable results.
It is astonishing how many farmers buy instead of raising their vegetables for the table, as well as feed for their stock.
Texas, for instance, has purchased $200,000,000 worth of food products yearly from northern markets which might have been produced more cheaply at home. It takes 15 to 20 acres of land in Texas to grow cotton enough to buy 160 bushels of canned sweet potatoes, while one acre of Texas soil would produce the same quant.i.ty, and uncanned. [Footnote: THRIFT, a monograph published by the National Education a.s.sociation, 1918.]
Such topics as the following should be studied, consulting parents, farmers of the locality, and such printed sources of information as are available.
The important cereal crops of your state. The average yield per acre of each. Increase or decrease in yield in recent years.
The work of corn clubs and other boys" and girls" clubs to increase the yield of crops in your state.
The difference between "production per acre" and "production per person engaged in agriculture."
The difference between "intensive" and "extensive" agriculture.
"Single crop" and "diversified crop" types of agriculture in your locality. Advantages of each.