Description of the instrument he gives, as when he tells of the shield made by Vulcan for Achilles. And there is a briefer one on the spear of Hector (I. viii. 493):--
In his hand His ma.s.sive spear he held twelve cubits long, Whose glittering point flash"d bright with hoop of gold Encircled round.
Narrations of fact are of several kinds, some like the following (I.
vii. 60):--
When in the midst they met, together rush"d Bucklers and lances, and the furious might Of mail-clad warriors; bossy shield on shield Clattered in conflict; loud the clamor rose.
The emotional narrative is where the incident is connected with some personal cause or energy, as when he speaks about things arising from anger or fear or sorrow, or when people are wounded, killed, or any other such thing happens to them. As a specimen of cause, take the following (I. i. 103):--
His dark soul filled with fury, and his eyes Flashed like flames of fire.
Of an action (I. xvii. 51):--
Those locks, that with the Graces hair might vie, Those tresses bright, with gold and silver bound, Were dabbled all with blood.
A Trope is constructive of action, or experience, or form, according as one acts in a special way or is acted upon. He follows the whole scene in this sort of narrative. An example of it would be as follows (O.
xxii. 15):--
But Odysseus aimed and smote him with the arrow in his throat, and the point pa.s.sed clean out through his delicate neck and he fell back, and the cup dropped from his hand as he was smitten, and at once through his nostrils there came up a thick jet of slain man"s blood.
There is also in Homer narration which has for the most part copious expression, a method of working in full, fitting the subject. Sometimes, however, it is concise, as in the following (I. xviii. 20):--
Patroclus lies in death, And o"er his body now the war is waged, His naked body, for his arms are now The prize of Hector of the glancing helmet.
This type is often useful, for the quickness of the words make the reader and speaker more intent, and he immediately takes in the subject.
Sometimes he tells his story lightly; sometimes by an image or likeness or simile. An image, as when he says (O. xix. 53):--
Now forth from her chamber came the wise Penelope like Artemis or golden Aphrodite.
A likeness as (I. iii. 196):--
He like a goat crossed the serried lines first.
A simile, when he makes a comparison of closely related things that has a connection with subject narrated. There are in Homer various kinds of similes. Constantly and in many ways he compares the behavior and nature of animals to the arts and habits of men.
Sometimes he takes a similitude from very small things, not considering the size of the body, but the nature of each; whence he likens boldness to a fly (I. xvii. 570):--
And she breathed in his breast the courage of the fly.
And he compares a.s.siduity to the same creature (I. ii. 469):--
As the many generations of numberless flies.
The packing together and orderly moving crowd to bees (I. ii. 87):--
As are the crowds of countless bees.
So he shows anger and irritation (I. xvi. 259):--
Like skilful wasps.
And he adds in the same place "when boys are wont to tease," in order that he might heighten their pa.s.sionate temper by being stirred up by children. Of a continuous sound, he says (I. iii. 151):--
Abundant as the cricket.
For it is a most chattering creature and incessant in it.
But those that produce with no order all kinds of sounds, he likens to (I. iii. 3):--
Just as the clamor of geese strikes to heaven.
But the mult.i.tudes resting in order, he likens to birds settling down (I. ii. 493):--
Sitting down with clamor.
Sharpness of sight and act he sometimes likens to the falcon (I. xv.
238):--
Like to a falcon, swooping on a dove, swiftest of birds.
But sometimes to an eagle (I. xvii. 676):--
Like to an eagle, famed of sharpest sight Of all that fly beneath the vault of Heav"n Whom, soaring in the clouds, the crouching dove Eludes not.
He declares its sharpness by its seeing from afar off; its swiftness, by its seizing a very active animal. A man, overcome by the sight of an enemy he compares to one who sees a snake, for he does not hesitate to take examples from reptiles (I. iii. 33):--
As when some traveller spies, could in his path upon the mountain side, a deadly snake.
From the other animals he takes examples; of timidity from the hare and also from the stag (I. iv. 243):--
Why stand ye thus like timid fawns?
From dogs sometimes he takes daring (I. x. 360):--
And as the hounds, well practis"d in the chase.
Sometimes love for their offspring (I. x. 14):--
As a dog loves and defends its pups.
But sometimes their readiness in watching (I. x. 183):--
As round a sheepfold keep their anxious watch The dogs.
A capture done with pa.s.sion and boldness he is wont to compare to wolves (I. xvi. 352):--