Platina is also acted upon by this acid only; silver is dissolved by nitric acid.
CAROLINE.
I think you said that some of the metals might be so strongly oxydated as to become acid?
MRS. B.
There are five metals, a.r.s.enic, molybdena, chrome, tungsten, and columbium, which are susceptible of combining with a sufficient quant.i.ty of oxygen to be converted into acids.
CAROLINE.
Acids are connected with metals in such a variety of ways, that I am afraid of some confusion in remembering them. --In the first place, acids will yield their oxygen to metals. Secondly, they will combine with them in their state of oxyds, to form compound salts; and lastly, several of the metals are themselves susceptible of acidification.
MRS. B.
Very well; but though metals have so great an affinity for acids, it is not with that cla.s.s of bodies alone that they will combine. They are most of them, in their simple state, capable of uniting with sulphur, with phosphorus, with carbon, and with each other; these combinations, according to the nomenclature which was explained to you on a former occasion, are called _sulphurets_, _phosph.o.r.ets_, _carburets_, &c.
The metallic phosph.o.r.ets offer nothing very remarkable. The sulphurets form the peculiar kind of mineral called _pyrites_, from which certain kinds of mineral waters, as those of Harrogate, derive their chief chemical properties. In this combination, the sulphur, together with the iron, have so strong an attraction for oxygen, that they obtain it both from the air and from water, and by condensing it in a solid form, produce the heat which raises the temperature of the water in such a remarkable degree.
EMILY.
But if pyrites obtain oxygen from water, that water must suffer a decomposition, and hydrogen gas be evolved.
MRS. B.
That is actually the case in the hot springs alluded to, which give out an extremely fetid gas, composed of hydrogen impregnated with sulphur.
CAROLINE.
If I recollect right, steel and plumbago, which you mentioned in the last lesson, are both carburets of iron?
MRS. B.
Yes; and they are the only carburets of much consequence.
A curious combination of metals has lately very much attracted the attention of the scientific world: I mean the meteoric stones that fall from the atmosphere. They consist princ.i.p.ally of native or pure iron, which is never found in that state in the bowels of the earth; and contain also a small quant.i.ty of nickel and chrome, a combination likewise new in the mineral kingdom.
These circ.u.mstances have led many scientific persons to believe that those substances have fallen from the moon, or some other planet, while others are of opinion either that they are formed in the atmosphere, or are projected into it by some unknown volcano on the surface of our globe.
CAROLINE.
I have heard much of these stones, but I believe many people are of opinion that they are formed on the surface of the earth, and laugh at their pretended celestial origin.
MRS. B.
The fact of their falling is so well ascertained, that I think no person who has at all investigated the subject, can now entertain any doubt of it. Specimens of these stones have been discovered in all parts of the world, and to each of them some tradition or story of its fall has been found connected. And as the a.n.a.lysis of all those specimens affords precisely the same results, there is strong reason to conjecture that they all proceed from the same source. It is to Mr. Howard that philosophers are indebted for having first a.n.a.lysed these stones, and directed their attention to this interesting subject.
CAROLINE.
But pray, Mrs. B., how can solid ma.s.ses of iron and nickel be formed from the atmosphere, which consists of the two airs, nitrogen and oxygen?
MRS. B.
I really do not see how they could, and think it much more probable that they fall from the moon. --But we must not suffer this digression to take up too much of our time.
The combinations of metals with each other are called alloys; thus bra.s.s is an alloy of copper and zinc; bronze, of copper and tin, &c.
EMILY.
And is not pewter also a combination of metal?
MRS. B.
It is. The pewter made in this country is mostly composed of tin, with a very small proportion of zinc and lead.
CAROLINE.
Block-tin is a kind of pewter, I believe?
MRS. B.
Properly speaking, block-tin means tin in blocks, or square ma.s.sive ingots; but in the sense in which it is used by ignorant workmen, it is iron plated with tin, which renders it more durable, as tin will not so easily rust. Tin alone, however, would be too soft a metal to be worked for common use, and all tin-vessels and utensils are in fact made of plates of iron, thinly coated with tin, which prevents the iron from rusting.
CAROLINE.
Say rather _oxydating_, Mrs. B. --Rust is a word that should be exploded in chemistry.
MRS. B.
Take care, however, not to introduce the word oxydate, instead of rust, in general conversation; for you would probably not be understood, and you might be suspected of affectation.
Metals differ very much in their affinity for each other; some will not unite at all, others readily combine together, and on this property of metals the art of _soldering_ depends.
EMILY.
What is soldering?
MRS. B.
It is joining two pieces of metal together, by a more fusible metal interposed between them. Thus tin is a solder for lead; bra.s.s, gold, or silver, are solder for iron, &c.
CAROLINE.
And is not _plating_ metals something of the same nature?
MRS. B.
In the operation of plating, two metals are united, one being covered with the other, but without the intervention of a third; iron or copper may thus be covered with gold or silver.