MRS. B.
Precisely. It does not appear, however, necessary that the fluid used for this purpose should be of an animal nature. Water, and acids very much diluted by water, are found to be the most effectual in promoting the developement of electricity in metals; and, accordingly, the original apparatus which Volta first constructed for this purpose, consisted of a pile or succession of plates of zinc and copper, each pair of which was connected by pieces of cloth or paper impregnated with water; and this instrument, from its original inconvenient structure and limited strength, has gradually arrived at its present state of power and improvement, such as is exhibited in the Voltaic battery. In this apparatus, a specimen of which you see before you (PLATE VI. fig. 1.), the plates of zinc and copper are soldered together in pairs, each pair being placed at regular distances in wooden troughs and the interstices being filled with fluid.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate VI. p. 151.
Fig. 1. Voltaic Battery.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 1. 2. & 4. Voltaic Batteries
Fig. 3. Electrical Machine.
A the Cylinder.
B the Conductor.
R the Rubber.
C the Chain.]
CAROLINE.
Though you will not allow us to enquire into the precise cause of electricity, may we not ask in what manner the fluid acts on the metals so as to produce it?
MRS. B.
The action of the fluid on the metals, whether water or acid be used, is entirely of a chemical nature. But whether electricity is excited by this chemical action, or whether it is produced by the contact of the two metals, is a point upon which philosophers do not yet perfectly agree.
EMILY.
But can the mere contact of two metals, without any intervening fluid, produce electricity?
MRS. B.
Yes, if they are afterwards separated. It is an established fact, that when two metals are put in contact, and afterwards separated, that which has the strongest attraction for oxygen exhibits signs of positive, the other of negative electricity.
CAROLINE.
It seems then but reasonable to infer that the power of the Voltaic battery should arise from the contact of the plates of zinc and copper.
MRS. B.
It is upon this principle that Volta and Sir H. Davy explain the phenomena of the pile; but notwithstanding these two great authorities, many philosophers entertain doubts on the truth of this theory. The princ.i.p.al difficulty which occurs in explaining the phenomena of the Voltaic battery on this principle, is, that two such plates show no signs of different states of electricity whilst in contact, but only on being separated after contact. Now in the Voltaic battery, those plates that are in contact always continue so, being soldered together: and they cannot therefore receive a succession of charges. Besides, if we consider the mere disturbance of the balance of electricity by the contact of the plates, as the sole cause of the production of Voltaic electricity, it remains to be explained how this disturbed balance becomes an inexhaustible source of electrical energy, capable of pouring forth a constant and copious supply of electrical fluid, though without any means of replenishing itself from other sources. This subject, it must be owned, is involved in too much obscurity to enable us to speak very decidedly in favour of any theory. But, in order to avoid perplexing you with different explanations, I shall confine myself to one which appears to me to be least enc.u.mbered with difficulties, and most likely to accord with truth.*
This theory supposes the electricity to be excited by the chemical action of the acid on the zinc; but you are yet such novices in chemistry, that I think it will be necessary to give you some previous explanation of the nature of this action.
All metals have a strong attraction for oxygen, and this element is found in great abundance both in water and in acids. The action of the diluted acid on the zinc consists therefore in its oxygen combining with it, and dissolving its surface.
[Footnote *: This mode of explaining the phenomena of the Voltaic pile is called the _chemical theory_ of electricity, because it ascribes the cause of these phenomena to certain chemical changes which take place during their appearance. In the preceding edition of this work, the same theory was presented in a more elaborate, but less easy form than it is in this. The mode of viewing the subject which is here sketched was long since suggested by Dr.
Bostock, of whose theory, however, this is by no means to be considered as a complete statement.]
CAROLINE.
In the same manner I suppose as we saw an acid dissolve copper?
MRS. B.
Yes; but in the Voltaic battery the diluted acid is not strong enough to produce so complete an effect; it acts only on the surface of the zinc, to which it yields its oxygen, forming upon it a film or crust, which is a compound of the oxygen and the metal.
EMILY.
Since there is so strong a chemical attraction between oxygen and metals, I suppose they are naturally in different states of electricity?
MRS. B.
Yes; it appears that all metals are united with the positive, and that oxygen is the grand source of the negative electricity.
CAROLINE.
Does not then the acid act on the plates of copper, as well as on those of zinc?
MRS. B.
No; for though copper has an affinity for oxygen, it is less strong than that of zinc; and therefore the energy of the acid is only exerted upon the zinc.
It will be best, I believe, in order to render the action of the Voltaic battery more intelligible, to confine our attention at first to the effect produced on two plates only. (PLATE VI. fig. 2.)
If a plate of zinc be placed opposite to one of copper, or any other metal less attractive of oxygen, and the s.p.a.ce between them (suppose of half an inch in thickness), be filled with an acid or any fluid capable of oxydating the zinc, the oxydated surface will have its capacity for electricity diminished, so that a quant.i.ty of electricity will be evolved from that surface. This electricity will be received by the contiguous fluid, by which it will be transmitted to the opposite metallic surface, the copper, which is not oxydated, and is therefore disposed to receive it; so that the copper plate will thus become positive, whilst the zinc plate will be in the negative state.
This evolution of electrical fluid however will be very limited; for as these two plates admit of but very little acc.u.mulation of electricity, and are supposed to have no communication with other bodies, the action of the acid, and further developement of electricity, will be immediately stopped.
EMILY.
This action, I suppose, can no more continue to go on, than that of a common electrical machine, which is not allowed to communicate with other bodies?
MRS. B.
Precisely; the common electrical machine, when excited by the friction of the rubber, gives out both the positive and negative electricities.-- (PLATE VI. Fig. 3.) The positive, by the rotation of the gla.s.s cylinder, is conveyed into the conductor, whilst the negative goes into the rubber. But unless there is a communication made between the rubber and the ground, but a very inconsiderable quant.i.ty of electricity can be excited; for the rubber, like the plates of the battery, has too small a capacity to admit of an acc.u.mulation of electricity. Unless therefore the electricity can pa.s.s out of the rubber, it will not continue to go into it, and consequently no additional acc.u.mulation will take place.
Now as one kind of electricity cannot be given out without the other, the developement of the positive electricity is stopped as well as that of the negative, and the conductor therefore cannot receive a succession of charges.
CAROLINE.
But does not the conductor, as well as the rubber, require a communication with the earth, in order to get rid of its electricity?
MRS. B.
No; for it is susceptible of receiving and containing a considerable quant.i.ty of electricity, as it is much larger than the rubber, and therefore has a greater capacity; and this continued acc.u.mulation of electricity in the conductor is what is called a charge.
EMILY.
But when an electrical machine is furnished with two conductors to receive the two electricities, I suppose no communication with the earth is required?
MRS. B.