EMILY.
If oxygen is so caustic, why does not that which is contained in the atmosphere burn us?
MRS. B.
Because it is in a gaseous state, and has a greater attraction for its electricity than for the hydrogen of our bodies. Besides, should the air be slightly caustic, we are in a great measure sheltered from its effects by the skin; you know how much a wound, however trifling, smarts on being exposed to it.
CAROLINE.
It is a curious idea, however, that we should live in a slow fire. But, if the air was caustic, would it not have an acrid taste?
MRS. B.
It possibly may have such a taste; though in so slight a degree, that custom has rendered it insensible.
CAROLINE.
And why is not water caustic? When I dip my hand into water, though cold, it ought to burn me from the caustic nature of its oxygen.
MRS. B.
Your hand does not decompose the water; the oxygen in that state is much better supplied with hydrogen than it would be by animal matter, and if its causticity depend on its affinity for that principle, it will be very far from quitting its state of water to act upon your hand. You must not forget that oxyds are caustic in proportion as the oxygen adheres slightly to them.
EMILY.
Since the oxyd of a.r.s.enic is poisonous, its acid, I suppose, is fully as much so?
MRS. B.
Yes; it is one of the strongest poisons in nature.
EMILY.
There is a poison called _verdigris_, which forms on bra.s.s and copper when not kept very clean; and this, I have heard, is an objection to these metals being made into kitchen utensils. Is this poison likewise occasioned by oxygen?
MRS. B.
It is produced by the intervention of oxygen; for verdigris is a compound salt formed by the union of vinegar and copper; it is of a beautiful green colour, and much used in painting.
EMILY.
But, I believe, verdigris is often formed on copper when no vinegar has been in contact with it.
MRS. B.
Not real verdigris, but compound salts, somewhat resembling it, may be produced by the action of any acid on copper.
The solution of copper in nitric acid, if evaporated, affords a salt which produces an effect on tin that will surprise you, and I have prepared some from the solution we made before, that I might show it to you. I shall first sprinkle some water on this piece of tin-foil, and then some of the salt. --Now observe that I fold it up suddenly, and press it into one lump.
CAROLINE.
What a prodigious vapour issues from it--and sparks of fire I declare!
MRS. B.
I thought it would surprise you. The effect, however, I dare say you could account for, since it is merely the consequence of the oxygen of the salt rapidly entering into a closer combination with the tin.
There is also a beautiful green salt too curious to be omitted; it is produced by the combination of cobalt with muriatic acid, which has the singular property of forming what is called _sympathetic ink_.
Characters written with this solution are invisible when cold, but when a gentle heat is applied, they a.s.sume a fine bluish green colour.
CAROLINE.
I think one might draw very curious landscapes with the a.s.sistance of this ink; I would first make a water-colour drawing of a winter-scene, in which the trees should be leafless, and the gra.s.s scarcely green: I would then trace all the verdure with the invisible ink, and whenever I chose to create spring, I should hold it before the fire, and its warmth would cover the landscape with a rich verdure.
MRS. B.
That will be a very amusing experiment, and I advise you by all means to try it.
[Transcriber"s Note: Several cobalt compounds, including the cobalt chloride described here, are still in use as invisible ("sympathetic") inks. They are safe if used appropriately.]
Before we part, I must introduce to your acquaintance the curious metals which Sir H. Davy has recently discovered. The history of these extraordinary bodies is yet so much in its infancy, that I shall confine myself to a very short account of them; it is more important to point out to you the vast, and apparently inexhaustible, field of research which has been thrown open to our view by Sir H. Davy"s memorable discoveries, than to enter into a minute account of particular bodies or experiments.
CAROLINE.
But I have heard that these discoveries, however splendid and extraordinary, are not very likely to prove of any great benefit to the world, as they are rather objects of curiosity than of use.
MRS. B.
Such may be the illiberal conclusions of the ignorant and narrow-minded; but those who can duly estimate the advantages of enlarging the sphere of science, must be convinced that the acquisition of every new fact, however unconnected it may at first appear with practical utility, must ultimately prove beneficial to mankind. But these remarks are scarcely applicable to the present subject; for some of the new metals have already proved eminently useful as chemical agents, and are likely soon to be employed in the arts. For the enumeration of these metals, I must refer you to our list of simple bodies; they are derived from the alkalies, the earths, and three of the acids, all of which had been hitherto considered as undecompoundable or simple bodies.
When Sir H. Davy first turned his attention to the effects of the Voltaic battery, he tried its power on a variety of compound bodies, and gradually brought to light a number of new and interesting facts, which led the way to more important discoveries. It would be highly interesting to trace his steps in this new department of science, but it would lead us too far from our princ.i.p.al object. A general view of his most remarkable discoveries is all that I can aim at, or that you could, at present, understand.
The facility with which compound bodies yielded to the Voltaic electricity, induced him to make trial of its effects on substances. .h.i.therto considered as simple, but which he suspected of being compound, and his researches were soon crowned with the most complete success.
The body which he first submitted to the Voltaic battery, and which had never yet been decomposed, was one of the fixed alkalies, called potash.
This substance gave out an elastic fluid at the positive wire, which was ascertained to be oxygen, and at the negative wire, small globules of a very high metallic l.u.s.tre, very similar in appearance to mercury; thus proving that potash, which had hitherto been considered as a simple incombustible body, was in fact a metallic oxyd; and that its incombustibility proceeded from its being already combined with oxygen.
EMILY.
I suppose the wires used in this experiment were of platina, as they were when you decomposed water; for if of iron, the oxygen would have combined with the wire, instead of appearing in the form of gas.
MRS. B.
Certainly: the metal, however, would equally have been disengaged. Sir H. Davy has distinguished this new substance by the name of POTa.s.sIUM, which is derived from that of the alkali, from which it is procured.
I have some small pieces of it in this phial, but you have already seen it, as it is the metal which we burnt in contact with sulphur.
EMILY.
What is the liquid in which you keep it?