EMILY.
But does each particular part of the plant, such as the root, the bark, the stem, the seeds, the leaves, consist of one of these ingredients only, or of several of them combined together?
MRS. B.
I believe there is no part of a plant which can be said to consist solely of any one particular ingredient; a certain number of vegetable materials must always be combined for the formation of any particular part, (of a seed for instance,) and these combinations are carried on by sets of vessels, or minute organs, which select from other parts, and bring together, the several principles required for the development and growth of those particular parts which they are intended to form and to maintain.
EMILY.
And are not these combinations always regulated by the laws of chemical attraction?
MRS. B.
No doubt; the organs of plants cannot force principles to combine that have no attraction for each other; nor can they compel superior attractions to yield to those of inferior power; they probably act rather mechanically, by bringing into contact such principles, and in such proportions, as will, by their chemical combination, form the various vegetable products.
CAROLINE.
We may then consider each of these organs as a curiously constructed apparatus, adapted for the performance of a variety of chemical processes.
MRS. B.
Exactly so. As long as the plant lives and thrives, the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, (the chief const.i.tuents of its immediate materials,) are so balanced and connected together, that they are not susceptible of entering into other combinations; but no sooner does death take place, than this state of equilibrium is destroyed, and new combinations produced.
EMILY.
But why should death destroy it; for these principles must remain in the same proportions, and consequently, I should suppose, in the same order of attractions?
MRS. B.
You must remember, that in the vegetable, as well as in the animal kingdom, it is by the principle of _life_ that the organs are enabled to act; when deprived of that agent or stimulus, their power ceases, and an order of attractions succeeds similar to that which would take place in mineral or unorganised matter.
EMILY.
It is this new order of attractions, I suppose, that destroys the organisation of the plant after death; for if the same combinations still continued to prevail, the plant would always remain in the state in which it died?
MRS. B.
And that, you know, is never the case; plants may be partially preserved for some time after death, by drying; but in the natural course of events they all return to the state of simple elements; a wise and admirable dispensation of Providence, by which dead plants are rendered fit to enrich the soil, and become subservient to the nourishment of living vegetables.
CAROLINE.
But we are talking of the dissolution of plants, before we have examined them in their living state.
MRS. B.
That is true, my dear. But I wished to give you a general idea of the nature of vegetation, before we entered into particulars. Besides, it is not so irrelevant as you suppose to talk of vegetables in their dead state, since we cannot a.n.a.lyse them without destroying life; and it is only by hastening to submit them to examination, immediately after they have ceased to live, that we can antic.i.p.ate their natural decomposition.
There are two kinds of a.n.a.lysis of which vegetables are susceptible; first, that which separates them into their immediate materials, such as sap, resin, mucilage, &c.; secondly, that which decomposes them into their primitive elements, as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
EMILY.
Is there not a third kind of a.n.a.lysis of plants, which consists in separating their various parts, as the stem, the leaves, and the several organs of the flower?
MRS. B.
That, my dear, is rather the department of the botanist; we shall consider these different parts of plants only, as the organs by which the various secretions or separations are performed; but we must first examine the nature of these secretions.
The _sap_ is the princ.i.p.al material of vegetables, since it contains the ingredients that nourish every part of the plant. The basis of this juice, which the roots suck up from the soil, is water; this holds in solution the various other ingredients required by the several parts of the plant, which are gradually secreted from the sap by the different organs appropriated to that purpose, as it pa.s.ses them in circulating through the plant.
_Mucus_, or _mucilage_, is a vegetable substance, which, like all the others, is secreted from the sap; when in excess, it exudes from trees in the form of gum.
CAROLINE.
Is that the gum so frequently used instead of paste or glue?
MRS. B.
It is; almost all fruit-trees yield some sort of gum, but that most commonly used in the arts is obtained from a species of acacia-tree in Arabia, and is called _gum arabic_; it forms the chief nourishment of the natives of those parts, who obtain it in great quant.i.ties from incisions which they make in the trees.
CAROLINE.
I did not know that gum was eatable.
MRS. B.
There is an account of a whole ship"s company being saved from starving by feeding on the cargo, which was gum senegal. I should not, however, imagine, that it would be either a pleasant or a particularly eligible diet to those who have not, from their birth, been accustomed to it. It is, however, frequently taken medicinally, and considered as very nourishing. Several kinds of vegetable acids may be obtained, by particular processes, from gum or mucilage, the princ.i.p.al of which is called the _mucous acid_.
_Sugar_ is not found in its simple state in plants, but is always mixed with gum, sap, or other ingredients; this saccharine matter is to be met with in every vegetable, but abounds most in roots, fruits, and particularly in the sugar-cane.
EMILY.
If all vegetables contain sugar, why is it extracted exclusively from the sugar-cane?
MRS. B.
Because it is both most abundant in that plant, and most easily obtained from it. Besides, the sugars produced by other vegetables differ a little in their nature.
During the late troubles in the West-Indies, when Europe was but imperfectly supplied with sugar, several attempts were made to extract it from other vegetables, and very good sugar was obtained from parsnips and from carrots; but the process was too expensive to carry this enterprize to any extent.
CAROLINE.
I should think that sugar might be more easily obtained from sweet fruits, such as figs, dates, &c.
MRS. B.
Probably; but it would be still more expensive, from the high price of those fruits.