511. JOSEPH, PAW-NE-NO-PA-ZHE. _Not Afraid of the p.a.w.nees._
Governor or chief of the tribe. Was born on the Osage reservation when in Kansas, and when 12 years of age was placed in a Catholic mission, where he received a good English education. He still retains the old customs and habits of his tribe, however. Is a brave and warlike chief, but yet exerts all his influence to secure peace between his people and the whites. Is about 40 years of age, 6 feet in height, with a large and commanding physique; head, 22-1/4; chest, 41.
886. SHONGA-SA-PA. _Black Dog._
The youngest of the six princ.i.p.al chiefs of the tribe. Is 28 years of age, and was born on the present reservation. Is the descendant of a long line of chiefs, one of whom was princ.i.p.al in establishing peace between the Government and the wild tribes. With the governor, Joseph, he visited Washington in 1876 to adjust various business matters in connection with his tribe. Age, 28; height, 5.11-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 38.
887. GROUP representing the governor and some of the headmen or councillors of the nation, as follows:
JOSEPH PAW-NE-NO-PA-ZHE. See No. 511.
CHETOPAH.
Died in 1876, aged 38. Was among the first to commence farming and to live in the white man"s way.
PA-TSA-LUN-KAH. _Strike Axe._
Born on the Osage reservation in Kansas 45 years ago. Is one of the princ.i.p.al "peace chiefs," and also chief of one of the largest bands of the Osages, over whom he has unbounded influence.
CHE-ZHE-LUN-KAH. _Big Chief._
Chief councillor of the nation, a man of good sense and much influence. Is the son of a chief; 45 years of age, and was born in Kansas.
HARD ROPE.
Head war chief of the nation, and a man of considerable ability as an orator. Served as a scout under General Custer during the Indian war in the Indian Territory. Is now 50 years old.
513. KAH-HE-KA-WAH-TI-AN-KA. _Saucy Chief._
509. NOM-PA-WA-LE. _A Savage._
510. KE-SI-SI-GRE. _A Distant Land._
512. MAH-KEA-PU-AT-SEE. _One Who Reaches to the Sky._
888. JOSEPH AND BLACK DOG.
889. JOSEPH, BLACK DOG, OGEAS CAPTAIN, AND J. N. FLORER.
9. OTOES.
The Otoes, calling themselves Watoohtahtah, were known to the French as early as 1673, under the name of Otontanta; were originally part of the Missourias, and, with the Iowas, claim to have migrated to the Missouri with the Winnebagoes. They have long resided on the south side of the Platte River, in mud lodges, confederated with the Missourias, who formed one village with them. The two tribes now number 457 souls. Under the care of the Friends, many are laying aside their Indian dress and habits, and learning to labor. In common with many other tribes, their annuities are payable only in return for labor performed, which exercises a most beneficial effect.
_List of ill.u.s.trations._
480. AR-KE-KE-TAH. _Stand by It._
Is a full-blooded Otoe Indian. He was a leading warrior in his tribe, and during the early settlement of Nebraska, when an emigrant train had been attacked on Big Sandy Creek, and robbed of all they had by a party of p.a.w.nees, Ar-ke-ke-tah, leading a band of Otoes, fell on them, and, killing the entire party, restored the goods back to the emigrants, for which he gained notoriety, and received papers commendatory of this and other valuable services rendered the whites. By being a man of deep scheming and cunning, he succeeded in gaining the position of head chief of the tribe, while on a visit to Washington, in 1854, when the treaty was concluded, in which the Otoes ceded to the Government the southeastern part of Nebraska. He was deposed from his chiefship in 1872, re-instated in 1873, but has been inactive as a chief since, and has lost his influence in the tribe. He is still living, about 65 years of age, and 5 feet 8 inches high, with square, well-built frame.
482, 492-4, 502. SHUN-GECH-HOY. _Medicine Horse._
His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band of Otoes, and being ambitious, worked himself finally into the position of head chief of the Otoes and Missourias. In 1874 he led a portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of law and agency regulations, for which he, with five others, was arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he became alienated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coa.r.s.e; has a very stern, fierce disposition; is a deep schemer; would be willing to sacrifice almost any interest of his tribe in order to maintain a supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, opposed to improvement that makes innovations thereon, and is a heavy clog on the tribe in their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. In stature, he is about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed muscular frame; about 60 years of age.
487, 489, 490. LOD-NOO-WA-INGA. _Little Pipe._
Is a son of Hick-a-poo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many successors, and after the death of Hick-a-poo, the present Little Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followers of Shungech-hoy in 1874; was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition, well disposed toward improvement, but quiet and without much individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about 50 years of age, 5 feet 7-1/2 inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest 36, and weighs 155.
488. PAH-HO-CHA-INGA. _Little Iowa._
Generally known by his more proper name of Baptiste Devoin, is a son of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa Indian. He was partially educated at the p.a.w.nee Mission, at Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language tolerably well; also speaks p.a.w.nee, Omaha, and French. He married into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller, under former agents. In 1869, he was employed as interpreter for the tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height he is 5 feet 9-3/4 inches, head measurement 23-1/2 inches, chest 44 inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and quite corpulent.
495. TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE. _Buffalo Chief._
Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfather belonged to the Iowa tribe. He was, when a young man, a self-const.i.tuted chief, leading a portion of the Buffalo band of Otoes, at a time when Sack-a-pie was chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the band, which position he held until 1874. He is still living; is about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet 6 inches, and weighs about 160 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in his ways; concilitory to the whites, and has gained many friends among them.
497. BAPTISTE DEVOIN AND TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE.
The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495.
500. { E"EN-BRICK-TO. _Blackbird._ { OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. _Buck Elk Walking._
The first is half Otoe and half Omaha; the second, who is represented sitting, is a full-blood Missouria.
501. { INSTA-MUNTHA. _Iron Eagle._ { KO-INGA. _Little Thunder._ { OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE.
{ E"EN-BRICK-TO.
491.--LITTLE PIPE, with Missouria chief and interpreter.
496.--MEDICINE HORSE, BAPTISTE DEVOIN, and interpreter.
10. PONCAS.
The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Omahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to increase. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, r.e.t.a.r.ding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas.
_List of ill.u.s.trations._
517-518. { ASH-NOM-E-KAH-GA-HE. _Lone Chief._ { TA-TONKA-NUZHE. _Standing Buffalo._ { WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._ { WASTE-CO-MANI. _Fast Walker._
519. WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._
521. NATIVE DRAWING.
11. WINNEBAGOES.
The Winnebagoes are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tchun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Hotanke, or the Big-voiced People; by the Chippeways, Winnebagonk--whence their common English name--a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French knew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in consequence of the great quant.i.ty of decaying and putrid fish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Dakotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette"s journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the "Puans" as near the north end of Winnebago Lake, on the west side.[A]