Hungerford Market and Hungerford Bridge (as the present Charing Cross Railway Bridge is often called by the old resident), and the "Adelphi,"
with its gruesome arches beneath, all give more than a suggestion of the sights and scenes which met d.i.c.kens" own eye when his personality was closely a.s.sociated therewith.
Hence, regardless of whether it is biography or pure fiction, there are to-day substantial reminders throughout London, not only of his life but of the very scenes a.s.sociated with the characters of his novels. More particularly in the early novels, "Pickwick," "Nickleby," and "Copperfield," are their topographical features to be most readily recognized, because, in the first place, they are, presumably, the more familiar; and secondly, because they are more vividly recalled.
It is a fact, however, that in d.i.c.kens" sketches and tales, and in many of his minor works, as, for instance, in the pages of "Master Humphrey"s Clock," there are pa.s.sages especially concerning persons and places in London, which to-day have, as then, a stern reality, referring to such familiar spots as the site of the Marshalsea Prison, or "The Old White Horse," or Peggotty"s Yarmouth home.
Reality or imagination,--it"s all the same,--d.i.c.kens drew in his pictures, after a veritable fashion, this too, in spite of the precedent of a former generation of authors, who had for ages, one may say centuries, tilled the field over and over. But it was not until d.i.c.kens "arrived" that the reading world in general, and wherever found, acquired that nodding acquaintance with London which has since so redounded to this author"s reputation. No such acquaintance was previously to be had with the contemporary London life of the middle and lower cla.s.ses, if one may be pardoned for expressing it thus confidently.
The marvel is that some ardent spirit has not before now compiled an out-and-out d.i.c.kens guide-book. One writer, at least, is recalled who is competent to do it, and he, be it said, is an American, Doctor Benjamin S.
Martin, who many years ago contributed to an American monthly publication a series of illuminating articles on what might with propriety be called the local colour of d.i.c.kens. These were the forerunners and foster-parents of most of the "sc.r.a.ppy" articles of a similar purport which appear intermittently in the English and American periodical press.
The references and descriptions of certain of the localities connected with the novels which follow are given without attempt at cla.s.sification or chronological arrangement. No other plan appears possible, where only a selection can be given. As before said, the limitations of the bulk of this book preclude a more extensive resume.
The following references will be found to be fully cla.s.sified in the index which accompanies the book, and will perhaps prove suggestive, at least, of further research on the part of the individual reader.
Further west, beyond Westminster and the Parliament Houses, is Millbank, where is Church Street, running from the river to St. John"s Church, Westminster, that atrociously ill-mannered church of Queen Anne"s day, built it is said on the lines of a footstool overturned in one of that lady"s fits of petulant wrath. Down Church Street ran Martha, followed by Copperfield and Peggotty, bent on suicide.
Not the slum it was when described by d.i.c.kens, it is to-day a sufficiently "mean street" to be suggestive.
Here too, was Jenny Wren"s house, on the left going toward the church in Smith Square.
Vauxhall Bridge, also reminiscent of d.i.c.kens, is near by, though the structure which formerly graced the site has given way to a temporary ungainly thing, which is neither beautiful to look upon nor suitable to its purpose.
In the neighbourhood of Charing Cross, on Craven Street, at No. 8, is still the door-knocker which so looked, to Scrooge, like a human face.
In Chandos Street, till within the last eight or ten years, were two old-time shops, to which Warren"s Blacking Factory removed before the boy d.i.c.kens left their employ.
In Chandos Street, too, were the "pudding-shop" and "a la mode beef-shop,"
of which d.i.c.kens made such emphatic mention to his biographer, Forster.
At the corner of Parliament Street and Whitehall, in Westminster, was, until the beginning of the twentieth century, the "Old Red Lion" public house, which calls to mind the episode of "the very best stunning ale" in "Copperfield," but which is reputedly attributed as actually happening to d.i.c.kens himself.
Chancery Lane is largely identified with the story of "Bleak House." The garden of Lincoln"s Inn was fondly referred to by little Miss Flite as "her garden." Law offices, stationers" shops, and eating-houses abound in the purlieus of Chancery Lane, which, though having undergone considerable change in the last quarter-century, has still, in addition to the majesty which is supposed to surround the law, something of those "disowned relations of the law and hangers-on" of which d.i.c.kens wrote.
[Ill.u.s.tration: RESIDENCE OF JOHN FORSTER, LINCOLN"S INN FIELDS.]
In this immediate neighbourhood--in Lincoln"s Inn Fields--was Mr.
Tulkinghorn"s house, of which an ill.u.s.tration is here given, and which is still standing (1903). This house, which is readily found,--it is still No. 58,--is now given over to lawyers" offices, though formerly it was the residence of d.i.c.kens" biographer, Forster, where d.i.c.kens gave what was practically the first of his semi-public readings, on the occasion when he came from Italy especially to read the "Christmas story," "The Chimes," to a few favoured friends.
Hard by, just off the southwestern corner of the square, is the apocryphal "Old Curiosity Shop," a notable literary shrine, as is mentioned elsewhere, but not the original of the novel which bears the same name, as d.i.c.kens himself has said.
The "Clare Market," an unsavoury locality which had somewhat to do with "Pickwick," was near by, but has practically disappeared from view in a virtuous clearing-up process which has recently been undertaken.
In Portugal Street, leading into Lincoln"s Inn Fields, was Mr. Solomon"s headquarters; while further east, toward the city, we find the "George and Vulture," mentioned in "Pickwick," existing to-day as "a very good old-fashioned and comfortable house." Its present nomenclature is "Thomas"
Chop-House," and he who would partake of the "real thing" in good old English fare, served on pewter plates, with the brightest of steel knives and forks, could hardly fare better than in this ancient house in St.
Michael"s Alley.
By one of those popular and ofttimes sentimental conclusions, "poor Jo"s crossing" has been located as being on Holborn, near where Chancery Lane comes into that thoroughfare.
This may like enough be so, but as all crossings are much alike, and all sweepers of that impoverished cla.s.s which we recognize in the description of "Jo" (now luckily disappearing), it would seem a somewhat doubtful accomplishment in attempting to place such a spot definitely.
Mrs. Jellyby lived in Thavie"s Inn,--"Only "round the corner" from Chancery Lane, said Guppy,--one of the seven inns allied with the four great Inns of Court, all of which had a particular sentiment for d.i.c.kens, both in his writings and his life. In fact, he began with "Pickwick" to introduce these "curious little nooks" and "queer old places." Indeed, he lived in Furnival"s Inn when first married, and there wrote the most of the "Boz" sketches as well as "Pickwick."
Clifford"s Inn, too, now on the eve of departure, is also a reminder of "Pickwick." One, "a tenant of a "top set," was a bad character--shut himself in his bedroom closet and took a dose of a.r.s.enic," as is told in "Pickwick," Chapter XXI.
To "Mr. Perker"s chambers," in Gray"s Inn,--which still endures as one of the four great Inns of Court,--went Mr. Pickwick one afternoon, to find no one at home but the laundress. In Holborn Court, in Gray"s Inn, lived also Traddles and his bride.
Pip was quartered in Barnard"s Inn, called by him a "dingy collection of shabby buildings."
The Temple has ever been prolific in suggestion to the novelist, and d.i.c.kens, like most others who have written of London life, has made liberal use of it in "Barnaby Rudge," in "The Tale of Two Cities," and in many other of his novels.
Staple Inn, at "Holborn Bars," is perhaps the most quaint and unmodern of any considerable structure in all London. Mr. Grewgious and Mr. Tartar lived here; also Landless, who occupied "some attic rooms in a corner,"
and here Mr. Snagsby was wont to ramble in this old-world retreat.
The "little hall," with "a little lantern in its roof," and its weatherc.o.c.k, is still there, and the stroller down that most businesslike thoroughfare, known in its various continuations as "High Holborn,"
"Holborn Bars," and "Holborn Viaduct," will find it difficult to resist the allurements of the crazy old timbered frontage of Staple Inn, with its wooden gateway and tiny shops, looking for all the world like a picture from out of an old book.
In Bishop"s Court, leading from Chancery Lane, was Crook"s rag and bottle shop, where its owner met so ghastly a death. A court to the back of this shop, known as "Chichester Rents," harboured a public house called by d.i.c.kens "Sol"s Arms." To-day it exists as the "Old Ship," if supposedly authoritative opinion has not erred.
Took"s Court is to-day unchanged. d.i.c.kens was pleased to call it "Cook"s Court." By some it has been called dirty and dingy; it is hardly that, but it may well have been a more sordid looking place in days gone by. At any rate, it was a suitable enough environment for Snagsby, identified to-day as the stationer"s shop next the Imperial Chambers.
As vivid a reminiscence as any is that of the old debtors" prison of Marshalsea. The inst.i.tution was a court of law and a prison as well, and was first established in 1376 for the determination of causes and differences among the king"s menials; and was under the control of the knight marshal, hence its name. Later this court had particular cognizance of murders and other offences committed within the king"s court; and here also were committed persons guilty of piracies.
In 1381 the Kentish rebels "broke down the houses of the Marshalsea and the King"s Bench in Southwark," and in 1593 "a dangerous insurrection arose in Southwark, owing to the attempt of one of the knight marshal"s men to serve a warrant upon a feltmaker"s apprentice."
At this time the inhabitants of Southwark complained that "the Knight Marshal"s men were very unneighbourly and disdainful among them," with every indication that a prolonged insurrection would endure. However, the matter was brought to the attention of the lord chamberlain, and such edict went forth as a.s.sured the inhabitants of the borough freedom from further annoyance. The old gaol building was purchased in 1811 by the government, and at that time refitted as a prison for debtors.
"The entrance gate fronts the High Street near St. George"s Church, and a small area leads to the keeper"s house. Behind it is a brick building, the ground floor of which contains fourteen rooms in a double row, and three upper stories, each with the same number. They are about ten and a half feet square by eight and a half feet high, and are with boarded floors, a glazed window, and fireplace in each, for male debtors. Nearly adjoining to this is a detached building called the "Tap," which has on the ground floor a wine and beer room. The upper story has three rooms for female debtors, similar to those for men. At the extremity of this prison is a small courtyard and building for admiralty prisoners, and a chapel."
The above description, taken from Allen"s "History and Antiquities of Southwark," must synchronize with the appearance of the Marshalsea at the time of which d.i.c.kens wrote concerning it in "Little Dorrit," based, of course, upon his personal knowledge of the buildings and their functions when the elder d.i.c.kens was imprisoned therein in 1822, and the family were living in mean quarters in near-by Lant Street, whither they had removed from Gower Street, North, in order to be near the prison.
Until quite recently it is possible that certain portions of the old Marshalsea were still standing, though as a prison it was abolished in 1841, but, with the opening of one of those munic.i.p.al pleasure grounds,--one cannot call them gardens, being merely a flagged courtyard,--the last vestiges are supposed to have disappeared from general view. Indeed, it appears that d.i.c.kens himself was not aware of any visible portions of the old building still remaining. This a.s.sertion is based on the following lines taken from the preface of "Little Dorrit:"
"I found the outer front courtyard metamorphosed into a b.u.t.ter-shop; and then I almost gave up every brick for lost.... I then came to Marshalsea Place; ... and whoever goes here will find his feet on the very paving-stones of the extinct Marshalsea Gaol,--will see its narrow yard to the right and to the left but very little altered, if at all, except that the walls were lowered when the place got free."
When the elder d.i.c.kens was carried to prison, like Mr. Dorrit, he was lodged in the top story but one, in the chamber afterward occupied by the Dorrits, when Charles, it was said, went often (before the family removed across the river) to visit him, crossing presumably the old picturesque London Bridge. In "David Copperfield," it is evidently the same edifice which is disguised as the "King"s Bench Prison."
In the immediate neighbourhood of the Marshalsea was St. George"s Vestry, where, on the cushions, with the church register for a pillow, slept Little Dorrit on the night on which she was shut out of the prison.
Opposite, on High Street, stood until recently the little pie-shop, where Flora read out her lecture to Little Dorrit. Near by, also, was Mr.
Cripple"s dancing academy. (Deliciously d.i.c.kenesque--that name.) Guy"s--reminiscent of Bob Sawyer--is but a stone"s throw away, as also Lant Street, where he had his lodgings. Said Sawyer, as he handed his card to Mr. Pickwick: "There"s my lodgings; it"s near Guy"s, and handy for me, you know,--a little distance after you"ve pa.s.sed St. George"s Church; turns out of High Street on right-hand side the way." Supposedly the same humble rooms--which looked out upon a pleasant prospect of a timber-yard--in which lived the d.i.c.kens family during the elder d.i.c.kens"
imprisonment.
In Horsemonger Lane, which runs out of the High Street, was the tobacco-shop of Mrs. Chivery. In the High Street, too, was the old "White Hart" of Sam Weller and even Jack Cade. "The George," "The Spur," "The Queen"s Head," and "The King"s Head"--all reminiscent of d.i.c.kens--were also here in the immediate neighbourhood.
Crossing the river northward, one may retrace their steps toward St.
Paul"s, near which, a quarter of a century back, might have been seen the arcaded entrance to Doctors" Commons, an inst.i.tution described by Sam Weller, and which, among other functions, formerly kept guard of all the wills probated in London. The building has since disappeared, and the erstwhile valuable doc.u.ments removed to Somerset House.