Furnival"s Inn, where d.i.c.kens lived, has disappeared, and Clifford"s Inn has just been sold (1903) in the public auction mart, to be removed, with some hideous and unquiet modern office building doubtless destined to take its place.
New transportation schemes, almost without number, are announced. Electric trams, "tubes," and underground subways are being projected in every direction. These perhaps do not change the surface aspect of things very much, but they are working a marvellous change in the life of the times.
The old underground "District" and "Metropolitan" Railways are being "electrified" by the magnanimity (_sic_) of American capital, and St.
Paul"s Cathedral has been supplied with a costly electric-light plant at the expense of an American multi-millionaire.
The American invasion of typewriters, roll-top desks, and book printing and binding machinery, are marking an era of change and progress in the production of the printed word, and Continental-made motors and automobiles are driving the humble cart-horse from the city streets in no small way.
It now only remains for the development of the project which is to supplant the ungainly though convenient omnibus with an up-to-date service of motor stages, when, in truth, London will have taken on very much of a new aspect.
One of the most recent disappearances is old Holywell Street, of unsavoury reputation, the whilom Booksellers" Row of d.i.c.kens" day, a "narrow, dirty lane" which ran parallel with the Strand from St. Clement"s-Danes to St.
Mary-le-Strand, and was occupied chiefly by vendors of books of doubtful morality. Wych Street, too, in company with Holywell Street, has gone the same way, in favour of the new thoroughfare which is to connect Holborn and the Strand, an enterprise which also has made way with the Clare Market between Lincoln"s Inn Fields and the Strand, a locality well known to, and made use of by, d.i.c.kens in "The Old Curiosity Shop."
The identical building referred to therein may be in doubt; probably it is, in that d.i.c.kens himself repudiated or at least pa.s.sed a qualifying observation upon the "waste paper store," which popular tradition has ever connected therewith. But one critic--be he expert or not--has connected it somewhat closely with the literary life of the day, as being formerly occupied by one Tessyman, a bookbinder, who was well acquainted with d.i.c.kens, Thackeray, and Cruikshank. The literary pilgrim will give up this most sentimental d.i.c.kens _relique_ with something of the serious pang that one feels when his favourite idol is shattered, when the little overhanging corner building is finally demolished, as it soon will be, if "improvement" goes on at the pace of the last few years hereabouts.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE (REPUTED) "OLD CURIOSITY SHOP."]
A drawing of this revered building has been included in the present volume, as suggestive of its recorded literary a.s.sociations.
There is no question but what it is _the relique_ of the first rank usually a.s.sociated with d.i.c.kens" London, as witness the fact that there appears always to be some numbers of persons gazing fondly at its crazy old walls.
The present proprietor appears to have met the demand which undoubtedly exists, and purveys souvenirs, prints, drawings, etc., to the d.i.c.kens admirers who throng his shop "in season" and out, and from all parts of the globe, with the balance, as usual, in favour of the Americans.
Rumour has it, and it has been said before, that some "collector" (from America, of course) has purchased this humble shrine, and intends to erect it again across the seas, but no verification of this is possible at this writing.
Whether it had any real being in d.i.c.kens" story, the enthusiast, in view of the facts, must decide for him or herself.
_"And now at length he"s brought_ _Unto fair London City_ _Where, in Fleet Street,_ _All those many see "t_ _That will not believe my ditty."_
--_Butler._
A half-century ago Temple Bar might have been described as a gateway of stone separating the Strand from Fleet Street--the City from the shire.
This particular structure was erected from designs by Sir Christopher Wren in 1670, and from that day until long after d.i.c.kens" death, through it have pa.s.sed countless throngs of all cla.s.ses of society, and it has always figured in such ceremony of state as the comparatively infrequent visits of the sovereign to the City. The invariable custom was to close the gate whenever the sovereign had entered the City, "and at no other time."
The ceremony was simple, but formal: a herald sounds a trumpet--another herald knocks--a parley--the gates are thrown open and the lord mayor, _pro tempo._, hands over the sword of the City to the sovereign. It was thus in Elizabeth"s time, and it had changed but little throughout Victoria"s reign.
The present structure is Temple Bar only in name, being a mere guide-post standing in the middle of the roadway; not very imposing, but it serves its purpose. The former structure was removed in the eighties, and now graces the private park of an estate at Walthamstow.
For long before it was taken down, its interior s.p.a.ce was leased to "Childs," the bankers, as a repository or storage-place for their old ledgers. Thus does the pomp of state make way for the sordidness of trade, and even the wealthy corporation of the City of London was not above turning a penny or two as additional revenue.
The following details of Furnival"s Inn, which since d.i.c.kens" time has disappeared, are pertinent at this time.
"Firnivalles Inn, now an Inn of Chancery, but some time belonging to Sir William Furnival, Knight," is the introduction to the description given by Stow in his "Annals." The greater part of the old inn was taken down in the time of Charles I., and the buildings remaining in d.i.c.kens" day, princ.i.p.ally occupied as lawyers" offices, were of comparatively modern construction. Since, these too, have disappeared, and there is little to call it to mind but the location the inn once occupied.
The Gothic hall, with its timber roof,--part of the original structure (_tempo_ Richard II.),--was standing as late as 1818, when the entire inn was rebuilt by one Peto, who it is to be inferred built the row in which were the lodgings occupied by d.i.c.kens.
In the west end of London changes have been none the less rapid than in the east. The cutting through of Northumberland Avenue, from Trafalgar Square to the river, laid low the gardens and mansion of Northumberland House. Of this stately mansion it is said that it looked more like a n.o.bleman"s mansion than any other in London. It was built, in about 1600, by the Earl of Northampton, and came into the hands of the Percies in 1642. Stafford House is perhaps the most finely situated mansion in the metropolis, occupying the corner of St. James" and the Green Parks, and presenting four complete fronts, each having its own architectural character. The interior, too, is said to be the first of its kind in London. The mansion was built by the Duke of York, with money lent by the Marquis of Stafford, afterward Duke of Sutherland; but the Stafford family became owners of it, and have spent at least a quarter of a million sterling on the house and its decorations. Apsley House, at the corner of Piccadilly and Hyde Park, is the residence of the Dukes of Wellington, and is closely a.s.sociated with the memory of _the_ duke. The sh.e.l.l of the house, of brick, is old; but stone frontages, enlargements, and decorations were afterward made. The princ.i.p.al room facing Hyde Park, with seven windows, is that in which the Great Duke held the celebrated Waterloo Banquet, on the 18th of June in every year, from 1816 to 1852.
In the seventeenth century the Strand was a species of country road, connecting the city with Westminster; and on its southern side stood a number of n.o.blemen"s residences, with gardens toward the river. The pleasant days are long since past when mansions and personages, political events and holiday festivities, marked the spots now denoted by Ess.e.x, Norfolk, Howard, Arundel, Surrey, Cecil, Salisbury, Buckingham, Villiers, Craven, and Northumberland Streets--a very galaxy of aristocratic names.
Again it is reiterated: the names are, for the most part, actually those now given to great hotels which occupy the former sites of these n.o.ble mansions.
The residences of the n.o.bility and gentry were chiefly in the western part of the metropolis. In this quarter there have been large additions of handsome streets, squares, and terraces within the last fifty years.
First, the district around Belgrave Square, usually called Belgravia.
Northeast from this, near Hyde Park, is the older, but still fashionable quarter, comprehending Park Lane and Mayfair. Still farther north is the modern district, sometimes called Tyburnia, being built on the ground adjacent to what once was "Tyburn," the place of public executions. This district, including Hyde Park Square and Westbourne Terrace, early became a favourite place of residence for city merchants. Lying north and northeast from Tyburnia are an extensive series of suburban rows of buildings and detached villas, which are ordinarily spoken of under the collective name, St. John"s Wood, Regent"s Park forming a kind of rural centre to the group.
New thoroughfares and the need thereof make a wholly new set of conditions, and such landmarks as have survived the stress of time and weather are thoroughly suggestive and reminiscent of the past, and are often the only guide-posts left by which one may construct the surroundings of a former day.
Of this the stranger is probably more observant than the Londoner born and bred. The gloomy, crowded streets--for they are gloomy, decidedly, most of the time during five months of the year--do not suggest to the native emotions as vivid as to the stranger, who, with a fund of reading for his guide, wanders through hallowed ground which is often neglected or ignored by the Londoner himself.
As for the general architectural effect of London as a type of a great city, it is heightened or lowered accordingly as one approves or disapproves of the artistic qualities of soot and smoke.
Fogs are the natural accompaniment of smoke, in the lower Thames valley, at least, and the "London particular"--the pea-soup variety--is a thing to be shuddered at when it draws its pall over the city. At such times, the Londoner, or such proportion of the species as can do so, hurries abroad, if only to the Surrey Hills, scarce a dozen miles away, but possessed of an atmosphere as different as day is from night.
Our own Nathaniel Hawthorne it was who wrote, "There cannot be anything else in its way so good in the world as this effect" (of fog and smoke) "on St. Paul"s in the very heart and densest tumult of London. It is much better than staring white; the edifice would not be nearly so grand without this drapery of black." Since we are told that the cost of the building was defrayed by a tax on all coals brought into the port of London, it gets its blackness by right. This grime is at all events a well-established fact, which has to be accepted.
Mr. G. A. Sala, a friend and contemporary of d.i.c.kens, also wrote in favour of the smoky chimneys. He says about St. Paul"s: "It is really the better for all the incense which all the chimneys since the time of Wren have offered at its shrine, and are still flinging up every day from their foul and grimy censers." As a flower of speech, this is good, but as criticism it is equivalent to saying the less seen of it the better. M.
Taine, the French critic, evidently thought otherwise; he wrote of Somerset House:
"A frightful thing is the huge palace in the Strand which is called Somerset House. Ma.s.sive and heavy piece of architecture, of which the hollows are inked, the porticoes blackened with soot, where in the cavity of the empty court is a sham fountain without water, pools of water on the pavement, long rows of closed windows. What can they possibly do in these catacombs? It seems as if the livid and sooty fog had even befouled the verdure of the parks. But what most offends the eyes are the colonnades, peristyles, Grecian ornaments, mouldings, and wreaths of the houses, all bathed in soot. Poor antique architecture--what is it doing in such a climate?"
To decide what style of architecture prevails in the medley of different periods const.i.tuting London is indeed difficult. One authority concludes that the "dark house in the long, unlovely street," of which Tennyson tells, and Mme. de Stael vituperates, covers the greater number of acres.
The fact is, each of the districts const.i.tuting London as it now is, _i. e._, Belgravia, Tyburnia, Bayswater, Kensington, Chelsea, etc., has the impress and character of the time of its greatest popularity and fashion and of the cla.s.s by which it was princ.i.p.ally inhabited. It has always been the city"s fate to have its past overgrown and stifled by the enthralling energy and life of the present. It is as a hive that has never been emptied of its successive swarms. This is more or less the fate of all towns that live.
The first map of London was published in 1563 by Ralph Ugga; it shows the same main arteries as exist to-day--the Strand, "Chepe," and Fleet. In a later map of 1610, London and Westminster appear as small neighbouring towns with fields around them; Totten Court, a country village; Kensington and Marylebone secluded hamlets; Clerkenwell and St. Gyllis quite isolated from the main city while Chelsey was quite in the wilds.
Even the great devastating fires did not destroy the line of the public highways. After that of 1666 Sir Christopher Wren wished to remodel the town and make it regular, symmetrical, and convenient; but, although he was the prevailing spirit in the rebuilding of London city, and no important building during forty years was erected without his judgment, his plan for regulating and straightening the streets did not take effect.
Much of the picturesque quality of the city is owing to its irregularity and the remains of its past. Wren rebuilt no less than sixty churches, all showing great variety of design. St. Paul"s, the third Christian church since early Saxon times on the same site, was his masterpiece.
Of his immediate predecessor, Inigo Jones, the Banqueting House in Whitehall, now used as a museum, remains a fragment of the splendid palace designed by him for James I. The cla.s.sical revival began with Gibbs, when he built St. Martin"s-in-the-Fields, whose Greek portico is the best and most perfect Greek example in London, if we except the caryatides of St.
Pancras. The brothers Adam also flourished at this time, and introduced grace of line and much artistic skill in domestic establishments which they built in "The Adelphi" and elsewhere. Chambers with Somerset House, and Sir John Soane with the Bank of England, continued the cla.s.sical traditions, but its full force came with Nash, "the apostle of plaster,"
who planned the Quadrant and Regent Street, from Carlton House to Regent"s Park, and the terraces in that locality, in the tawdry pseudo-cla.s.sic stuccoed style, applied indiscriminately to churches, shops, and what not. Not till the middle of the nineteenth century did the Gothic revival flourish. Pugin, Britton, and Sir John Barry then became prominent. The last named built the Houses of Parliament.
The demand for originality in street architecture is to be seen in the tall, important blocks of residential flats and new hotels now rising up in every quarter. Not beautiful and in many cases not even intelligible, they are unmistakable signs of the times, showing the process of transformation which is going on rapidly, sweeping away much that is beautiful to meet the requirements of modern life.
London is perhaps never to be doomed to the curse of the sky-sc.r.a.per, as it is known in America; the results of such an innovation would be too dire to contemplate, but like every other large city, it is under the spell of twentieth century ideas of progress, and the results, a score or more years hence, will, beyond doubt, so change the general aspect and conditions of life that the spirit of the Victorian era in architecture and art will have been dissipated in air, or so leavened that it will be a glorified London that will be known and loved, even better than the rather depressing atmosphere which has surrounded London and all in it during the thirty-five rapid years which have pa.s.sed since d.i.c.kens" death.
Such, in brief, is a survey of the more noticeable architectural and topographical features of London, which are indicating in no mean fashion the effect of Mr. Whistler"s dictum: "Other times, other lines."
Of no place perhaps more true than of London, yet, on the other hand, in no other place, perhaps, does the tendency make way so slowly.
THE COUNTY OF KENT