Kiami An entire roof. The main beams, cross poles, and roof layers have the same names as in the kiva, given later.
Winaki Projecting poles; rafters extending beyond the walls.
Balkakini Spread out; the floor.
Otc.o.kph Leveled with stones; a raised level for the foundation.
Balkakini twi Floor ledge; the floor of one room raised above that of an adjoining one.
Hakola Lower place; the floor of a lower room. Sand dunes in a valley are called Hakolpi.
Koltci A shelf.
Owakoltci A stone shelf.
Tap kita A support for a shelf.
Winakoltci A hewn plank shelf.
Kokini A wooden peg in a wall.
Tleta A shelf hanging from the ceiling.
Tlethaipi The cords for suspending a shelf.
Tklci A niche in the wall.
Tkli A stone mortar.
Mata The complete mealing apparatus for grinding corn.
Owamata The trough or outer frame of stone slabs.
Mataki The metate or grinding slab.
Kakomta mataki The coa.r.s.est grinding slab.
Talak mataki The next finer slab; from talaki to parch crushed corn in a vessel at the fire.
Pinymta mataki The slab of finest texture; from pin, fine.
Mata tci The upright part.i.tion stones separating the metates. The rubbing stones have the same names as the metates.
Hawiwita A stone stairway.
Ttbe hawiwita A stairway pecked into a cliff face.
Saka A ladder.
Winahawipi Steps of wood.
Kicka The covered way.
Hitcuywa Opening to pa.s.s through; a narrow pa.s.sage between houses.
Kisombi Place closed with houses; courts and s.p.a.ces between house groups.
Bavwakwapi A gutter pipe inserted in the roof coping.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate CVIII. Large openings reduced to small windows, Oraibi.]
In kiva nomenclature the various parts of the roof have the same names as the corresponding features of the dwellings. These are described on pp. 148-151.
Lestabi The main roof timbers.
Winakwapi The smaller cross poles.
Kahab kwapi The willow covering.
Sibi kwapi The brush covering.
Sih kwapi The gra.s.s covering.
Tcukatcve wata The dry earth layer of the roof.
Kiambalawi The layer of mud plaster on the roof.
Kiami An entire roof.
The following terms are used to specially designate various features of the kivas:
Tpatcaiata, Both of these terms are used to designate lestabi } the kiva hatchway beams upon which the Lestabkwapi, } hatchway walls rest.
Snacabi lestabi The main beams in the roof, nearest to the hatchway.
Epeoka lestabi The main beams next to the central ones.
Pepeoka lestabi The main beams next in order, and all the beams intervening between the epeoka and the end beams are so designated.
Kalabeoka lestabi The beams at the ends of a kiva.
Mataowa Stone placed with hands.
Hzrowa Hard stone.
Both of these latter terms are applied to corner foundation stones.
Kwak tcpi Moveable mat of reeds or sticks for covering hatchway opening, Fig. 29.
Kwaku, wild hay; utepi, a stopper.
Tpatcaiata The raised hatchway; the sitting place, Fig. 95.
Tpatcaiata tkwa The walls of the hatchway.
Kipatctjuata The kiva doorway; the opening into the hatchway, Fig. 28.
Apaphoya Small niches in the wall. Apap, from apabi, inside, and hoya, small.
Sipaph An archaic term. The etymology of this word is not known.
Kwopkota The fireplace. Kwuhi, coals or embers; kaiti, head.
Koitci Pegs for drying fuel, fixed under the hatchway.
Ko-hu, wood; Fig. 28.
Kokina Pegs in the walls.
Saka A ladder. This term is applied to any ladder.
Figs. 45-47.
Sakaleta Ladder rungs; Leta, from lestabi; see above.
Tvwibi The platform elevation or upper level of the floor. Tu-vwi, a ledge; Fig. 24.
Tvwi Stone ledges around the sides, for seats. The same term is used to designate any ledge, as that of a mesa, etc.
Katcin Kib Katcina, house. The niche in a ledge at the end of the kiva.
Kwisa The planks set into the floor, to which the lower beam of a blanket loom is fastened.
Kaintupha } Terms applied to the main floor; they both mean Kivakani } the large s.p.a.ce.
Tapwtci Hewn planks a foot wide and 6 to 8 feet long, set into the floor.
Winawtci A plank.
Owaphimiata Stone spread out; the flagged floor; also designates the slabs covering the hatchway.
Yauwiopi. Stones with holes pecked in the ends for holding the loom beam while the warp is being adjusted; also used as seats; see p. 132.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate CIX. Stone corrals and kiva of Mashongnavi.]
The accompanying diagram is an ideal section of a Tusayan four-story house, and gives the native names for the various rooms and terraces.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 114. Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names.]
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
The modern villages of Tusayan and Cibola differ more widely in arrangement and in the relation they bear to the surrounding topography than did their predecessors even of historic times.
Many of the older pueblos of both groups appear to have belonged to the valley types--villages of considerable size, located in open plains or on the slopes of low-lying foothills. A comparison of the plans in Chapters II and III will ill.u.s.trate these differences. In Tusayan the necessity of defense has driven the builders to inaccessible sites, so that now all the occupied villages of the province are found on mesa summits. The inhabitants of the valley pueblos of Cibola, although compelled at one time to build their houses upon the almost inaccessible summit of Taaiyalana mesa, occupied this site only temporarily, and soon established a large valley pueblo, the size and large population of which afforded that defensive efficiency which the Tusayan obtained only by building on mesa promontories. This has resulted in some adherence on the part of the Tusayan to the village plans of their ancestors, while at Zuni the great house cl.u.s.ters, forming the largest pueblo occupied in modern times, show a wide departure from the primitive types. In both provinces the architecture is distinguished from that of other portions of the pueblo region by greater irregularity of plan and by less skillfully executed constructional details; each group, however, happens to contain a notable exception to this general carelessness.
In Cibola the pueblo of Kin-tiel, built with a continuous defensive outer wall, occupies architecturally a somewhat anomalous position, notwithstanding its traditional connection with the group, and the Fire House occupies much the same relation in reference to Tusayan. The latter, however, does not break in upon the unity of the group, since the Tusayan, to a much greater extent than the Zui, are made up of remnants of various bands of builders. In Cibola, however, some of the Indians state that their ancestors, before reaching Zui, built a number of pueblos, whose ruins are distinguished from those ill.u.s.trated in the present paper by the presence of circular kivas, this form of ceremonial room being, apparently, wholly absent from the Cibolan pueblos here discussed.
The people of Cibola and of Tusayan belong to distinct linguistic stocks, but their arts are very closely related, the differences being no greater than would result from the slightly different conditions that have operated within the last few generations. Zui, perhaps, came more directly under early Spanish influence than Tusayan.
Churches were established, as has been seen, in both provinces, but it is doubtful whether their presence produced any lasting impression on the people. In Tusayan the sway of the Spaniards was very brief. At some of the pueblos the churches seem to have been built outside of the village proper where ample s.p.a.ce was available within the pueblo; but such an encroachment on the original inclosed courts seems never to have been attempted. Zui is an apparent exception; but all the house cl.u.s.ters east of the church have probably been built later than the church itself, the church court of the present village being a much larger area than would be reserved for the usual pueblo court. These early churches were, as a rule, built of adobe, even when occurring in stone pueblos. The only exception noticed is at Ketchipauan, where it was built of the characteristic Indian smoothly c.h.i.n.ked masonry. The Spaniards usually intruded their own construction, even to the composition of the bricks, which are nearly always made of straw adobe.