[Footnote 616: Coleridge. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an English poet, author of critical lectures and notes on Shakespeare.]
[Footnote 617: Goethe. (See note 85.)]
[Footnote 618: Blackfriar"s Theater. A famous London theater in which nearly all the great dramas of the Elizabethan age were performed.]
[Footnote 619: Stratford. Stratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshire, England, where Shakespeare was born and where he spent his last years.]
[Footnote 620: Macbeth. One of Shakespeare"s greatest tragedies, written about 1606.]
[Footnote 621: Malone, Warburton, Dyce, and Collier. English scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who edited the works of Shakespeare.]
[Footnote 622: Covent Garden, Drury Lane, the Park, and Tremont: The leading London theaters in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.]
[Footnote 623: Betterton, Garrick, Kemble, Kean, and Macready, famous British actors of the Shakespearian parts.]
[Footnote 624: The Hamlet of a famed performer, etc. Macready. Emerson said to a friend: "I see you are one of the happy mortals who are capable of being carried away by an actor of Shakespeare. Now, whenever I visit the theater to witness the performance of one of his dramas, I am carried away by the poet."]
[Footnote 625: What may this mean, etc. Hamlet, I. 4.]
[Footnote 626: Midsummer Night"s Dream. One of Shakespeare"s plays.]
[Footnote 627: The forest of Arden. In which is laid, the scene of Shakespeare"s play, As You Like It.]
[Footnote 628: The nimble air of Scone Castle. It was of the air of Inverness, not of Scone, that "the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses."--Macbeth, I. 6.]
[Footnote 629: Portia"s villa. See the moonlight scene, _Merchant of Venice_, V. 1.]
[Footnote 630: The antres vost, etc. See Oth.e.l.lo, I. 3. "Antres" is an old word, meaning caves, caverns.]
[Footnote 631: Cyclopean architecture. In Greek mythology, the Cyclops were a race of giants. The term "Cyclopean" is applied here to the architecture of Egypt and India, because of the majestic size of the buildings, and the immense size of the stones used, as if it would require giants to perform such works.]
[Footnote 632: Phidian sculpture. Phidias was a famous Greek sculptor who lived in the age of Pericles and beautified Athens with his works.]
[Footnote 633: Gothic minsters. Churches or cathedrals, built in the Gothic, or pointed, style of architecture which prevailed during the Middle Ages; it owed nothing to the Goths, and this term was originally used in reproach, in the sense of "barbarous."]
[Footnote 634: The Italian painting. In Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries pictorial art was carried to a degree of perfection unknown in any other time or country.]
[Footnote 635: Ballads of Spain and Scotland. The old ballads of these countries are noted for beauty and spirit.]
[Footnote 636: Tripod. Define this word, and explain its appropriateness here.]
[Footnote 637: Aubrey. John Aubrey, an English antiquarian of the seventeenth century.]
[Footnote 638: Rowe. Nicholas Rowe, an English author of the seventeenth century, who wrote a biography of Shakespeare.]
[Footnote 639: Timon. See note on Gifts, 466.]
[Footnote 640: Warwick. An English politician and commander of the fifteenth century, called "the King Maker." He appears in Shakespeare"s plays, Henry IV., V., and VI.]
[Footnote 641: Antonio. The Venetian Merchant in Shakespeare"s play, The Merchant of Venice.]
[Footnote 642: Talma. Francois Joseph Talma was a French tragic actor, to whom Napoleon showed favor.]
[Footnote 643: An omnipresent humanity, etc. See what Carlyle has to say on this subject in his Hero as Poet.]
[Footnote 644: Daguerre. Louis Jacques Daguerre, a French painter, one of the inventors of the daguerreotype process, by means of which an image is fixed on a metal plate by the chemical action of light.]
[Footnote 645: Euphuism. The word here has rather the force of euphemism, an entirely different word. Euphuism was an affected ornate style of expression, so called from Euphues, by John Lyly, a sixteenth century master of that style.]
[Footnote 646: Epicurus. A Greek philosopher of the third century before Christ. He was the founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy which taught that pleasure should be man"s chief aim and that the highest pleasure is freedom.]
[Footnote 647: Dante. (See note 258.)]
[Footnote 648: Master of the revels, etc. Emerson always expressed thankfulness for "the spirit of joy which Shakespeare had shed over the universe." See what Carlyle says in The Hero as Poet, about Shakespeare"s "mirthfulness and love of laughter."]
[Footnote 649: Koran. The Sacred book of the Mohammedans.]
[Footnote 650: Twelfth Night, etc. The names of three bright, merry, or serene plays by Shakespeare.]
[Footnote 651: Egyptian verdict. Emerson used Egyptian probably in the sense of "gipsy." He compares such opinions to the fortunes told by the gipsies.]
[Footnote 652: Ta.s.so. An Italian poet of the sixteenth century.]
[Footnote 653: Cervantes. A Spanish poet and romancer of the sixteenth century, the author of Don Quixote.]
[Footnote 654: Israelite. Such Hebrew prophets as Isaiah and Jeremiah.]
[Footnote 655: German. Such as Luther.]
[Footnote 656: Swede. Such as Swedenborg, the mystic philosopher of the eighteenth century of whom Emerson had already written in Representative Men.]
[Footnote 657: A pilgrim"s progress. As described by John Bunyan, the English writer, in his famous Pilgrim"s Progress.]
[Footnote 658: Doleful histories of Adam"s fall, etc. The subject of Paradise Lost, the great poem by John Milton.]
[Footnote 659: With doomsdays and purgatorial, etc. As described by Dante in his Divine Commedia, an epic about h.e.l.l, purgatory, and paradise.]
PRUDENCE.
[Footnote 660: The essay on Prudence was given as a lecture in the course on Human Culture, in the winter of 1837-8. It was published in the first series of Essays, which appeared in 1841.]
[Footnote 661: Lubricity. The word means literally the state or quality of being slippery; Emerson uses it several times, in its derived sense of "instability."]
[Footnote 662: Love and Friendship. The subjects of the two essays preceding Prudence, in the volume of 1841.]
[Footnote 663: The world is filled with the proverbs, etc. Compare with this pa.s.sage Emerson"s words in Compensation on "the flights of proverbs, whose teaching is as true and as omnipresent as that of birds and flies."]
[Footnote 664: A good wheel or pin. That is, a part of a machine.]
[Footnote 665: The law of polarity. Having two opposite poles, the properties of the one of which are the opposite of the other.]
[Footnote 666: Summer will have its flies. Emerson discoursed with philosophic calm about the impediments and disagreeableness which beset every path; he also accepted them with serenity when he encountered them in his daily life.]
[Footnote 667: The inhabitants of the climates, etc. As a northerner, Emerson naturally felt that the advantage and superiority were with his own section. He expressed in his poems Voluntaries and Mayday views similar to those declared here.]
[Footnote 668: Peninsular campaign. Emerson here refers to the military operations carried on from 1808 to 1814 in Portugal, Spain, and southern France against the French, by the British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces commanded by Wellington. What was the "Peninsular campaign" in American history?]
[Footnote 669: Dr. Johnson is reported to have said, etc. Dr. Samuel Johnson was an eminent English scholar of the eighteenth century. In this, as in many other instances, Emerson quotes from his memory instead of from the book. The words of Dr. Johnson, as reported by his biographer Boswell, are: "Accustom your children constantly to this; if a thing happened at one window, and they, when relating it, say it happened at another, do not let it pa.s.s, but instantly check them; you do not know where deviation from truth will end."]
[Footnote 670: Rifle. A local name in England and New England for an instrument, on the order of a whetstone, used for sharpening scythes; it is made of wood, covered with fine sand or emery.]
[Footnote 671: Last grand duke of Weimar. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach is a grand duchy of Germany. The grand duke referred to was Charles Augustus, who died in 1828. He was the friend and patron of the great German authors, Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland.]
[Footnote 672: The Raphael in the Dresden gallery. The Sistine Madonna, the most famous picture of the great Italian artist, Raphael.]
[Footnote 673: Call a spade a spade. Plutarch, the Greek historian, said, "These Macedonians ... call a spade a spade."]
[Footnote 674: Parts. A favorite eighteenth century term for abilities, talents.]
[Footnote 675: We have found out, etc. Emerson always insisted that morals and intellect should be united. He urged that power and insight are lessened by shortcomings in morals.]
[Footnote 676: Goethe"s Ta.s.so. A play by the German poet Goethe, founded on the belief that the imprisonment of Ta.s.so was due to his aspiration to the hand of Leonora d"Este, sister of the duke of Ferrara. Ta.s.so was a famous Italian poet of the seventeenth century.]
[Footnote 677: Richard III. An English king, the last of the Plantagenet line, the hero--or villain--of Shakespeare"s historical play, Richard III.]
[Footnote 678: Bifold. Give a simpler word that means the same.]
[Footnote 679: Caesar. Why is Caesar the great Roman ruler, given as a type of greatness?]
[Footnote 680: Job. Why is Job, the hero of the Old Testament book of the same name, given as a type of misery?]
[Footnote 681: Poor Richard. Poor Richard"s Almanac, published (1732-1757) by Benjamin Franklin was a collection of maxims inculcating prudence and thrift. These were given as the sayings of "Poor Richard."]
[Footnote 682: State Street. A street in Boston, Ma.s.sachusetts, noted as a financial center.]
[Footnote 683: Stick in a tree between whiles, etc. "Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, ye may be aye sticking in a tree; it will be growing, Jock, when ye"re sleeping."--Scott"s Heart of Midlothian. It is said that these were the words of a dying Scotchman to his son.]
[Footnote 684: Minor virtues. Emerson suggests that punctuality and regard for a promise are two of these. Can you name others?]
[Footnote 685: The Latin proverb says, etc. This is quoted from Tacitus, the famous Roman historian.]
[Footnote 686: If he set out to contend, etc. In contention, Emerson holds, the best men would lose their characteristic virtues, --the fearless apostle Paul, his devotion to truth; the gentle disciple John, his loving charity.]
[Footnote 687: Though your views are in straight antagonism, &c. This was Emerson"s own method, and by it he won a courteous hearing from those to whom his views were most objectionable.]
[Footnote 688: Consuetudes. Give a simpler word that has the same meaning.]
[Footnote 689: Begin where we will, etc. Explain what Emerson means by this expression.]
CIRCLES.
[Footnote 690: This essay first appeared in the first series of Essays, published in 1841. Unlike most of the other essays in the volume, no earlier form of it exists, and it was probably not delivered first as a lecture.
Dr. Richard Garnett says in his Life of Emerson: "The object of this fine essay quaintly ent.i.tled Circles is to reconcile this rigidity of unalterable law with the fact of human progress. Compensation ill.u.s.trates one property of a circle, which always returns to the point where it began, but it is no less true that around every circle another can be drawn.... Emerson followed his own counsel; he always keeps a reserve of power. His theory of Circles reappears without the least verbal indebtedness to himself in the splendid essay on Love."]
[Footnote 691: St. Augustine. A celebrated father of the Latin church, who flourished in the fourth century. His most famous work is his Confessions, an autobiographical volume of religious meditations.]
[Footnote 692: Another dawn risen on mid-noon. "Another morn has risen on mid-noon." Milton, Paradise Lost, Book V.]
[Footnote 693: Greek sculpture. The greatest development of the art of sculpture that the world has ever known was that which took place in Greece, with Athens as the center, in the fifth century before Christ. The masterpieces which remain are the models on which modern art formed itself.]
[Footnote 694: Greek letters. In literature--in drama, philosophy and history--Greece attained an excellence as signal as in art. Emerson as a scholar, felt that the literature of Greece was more permanent than its art. Would an artist be apt to take this view?]
[Footnote 695: New arts destroy the old, etc. Tell the ways in which the improvements and inventions mentioned by Emerson have been superseded by others; give the reasons. Mention other similar cases of more recent date.]
[Footnote 696: The life of man is a self-evolving circle, etc. "Throw a stone into the stream, and the circles that propagate themselves are the beautiful type of all influence."--EMERSON, in Nature.]
[Footnote 697: The heart refuses to be imprisoned. It is a superst.i.tion current in many countries that an evil spirit cannot escape from a circle drawn round it.]
[Footnote 698: Cra.s.s. Gross; coa.r.s.e.]
[Footnote 699: The continual effort to raise himself above himself, etc.
"Unless above himself he can Erect himself, how poor a thing is man!" SAMUEL DANIEL.
[Footnote 700: If he were high enough, etc.
Have I a lover Who is n.o.ble and free?-- I would he were n.o.bler Than to love me.--EMERSON, The Sphinx.
[Footnote 701: Aristotle and Plato. Plato was a famous Greek philosopher who flourished in the fourth century before Christ. He was the disciple of Socrates, the teacher of Aristotle, and the founder of the academic school of philosophy. His exposition of idealism was founded on the teachings of Socrates. Aristotle, another famous Greek philosopher, was for twenty years the pupil of Plato. He founded the peripatetic school of philosophy, and his writing dealt with all the then known branches of science.]
[Footnote 702: Berkeley. George Berkeley was a British clergyman of the eighteenth century. He was the author of works on philosophy which are marked by extreme subjective idealism.]
[Footnote 703: Termini. Boundaries or marks to indicate boundaries. In Roman mythology, Terminus was the G.o.d who presided over boundaries or landmarks. He is represented with a human head, but without feet or arms,--to indicate that he never moved from his place.]
[Footnote 704: Pentecost. One of three great Jewish festivals. On the day of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descended upon the infant Christian church, with the gift of tongues. See Acts ii. 1-20.]
[Footnote 705: Hodiernal. Belonging to our present day.]
[Footnote 706: Punic. Of Carthage, a famous ancient city, and state of northern Africa. Carthage was the rival of Rome, but was, after long warfare, overcome in the second century before Christ.]
[Footnote 707: In like manner, etc. Emerson always urged that in order to get the best from all, one must pa.s.s from affairs to thought, society to solitude, books to nature.
"See thou bring not to field or stone The fancies found in books; Leave authors" eyes, and fetch your own, To brave the landscape"s look."--EMERSON, Waldeinsamkeit.